AI’s energy obsession just got a reality check

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Just a week in, the AI sector has already seen its first battle of wits under the new Trump administration. The clash stems from two key pieces of news: the announcement of the Stargate project, which would spend $500 billion—more than the Apollo space program—on new AI data centers, and the release of a powerful new model from China. Together, they raise important questions the industry needs to answer about the extent to which the race for more data centers—with their heavy environmental toll—is really necessary.

A reminder about the first piece: OpenAI, Oracle, SoftBank, and an Abu Dhabi–based investment fund called MGX plan to spend up to $500 billion opening massive data centers around the US to build better AI. Much of the groundwork for this project was laid in 2024, when OpenAI increased its lobbying spending sevenfold (which we were first to report last week) and AI companies started pushing for policies that were less about controlling problems like deepfakes and misinformation, and more about securing more energy.

Still, Trump received credit for it from tech leaders when he announced the effort on his second day in office. “I think this will be the most important project of this era,” OpenAI’s Sam Altman said at the launch event, adding, “We wouldn’t be able to do this without you, Mr. President.”

It’s an incredible sum, just slightly less than the inflation-adjusted cost of building the US highway system over the course of more than 30 years. However, not everyone sees Stargate as having the same public benefit. Environmental groups say it could strain local grids and further drive up the cost of energy for the rest of us, who aren’t guzzling it to train and deploy AI models. Previous research has also shown that data centers tend to be built in areas that use much more carbon-intensive sources of energy, like coal, than the national average. It’s not clear how much, if at all, Stargate will rely on renewable energy. 

Even louder critics of Stargate, though, include Elon Musk. None of Musk’s companies are involved in the project, and he has attempted to publicly sow doubt that OpenAI and SoftBank have enough of the money needed for the plan anyway, claims that Altman disputed on X. Musk’s decision to publicly criticize the president’s initiative has irked people in Trump’s orbit, Politico reports, but it’s not clear if those people have expressed that to Musk directly. 

On to the second piece. On the day Trump was inaugurated, a Chinese startup released an AI model that started making a whole bunch of important people in Silicon Valley very worried about their competition. (This close timing is almost certainly not an accident.)

The model, called DeepSeek R1, is a reasoning model. These types of models are designed to excel at math, logic, pattern-finding, and decision-making. DeepSeek proved it could “reason” through complicated problems as well as one of OpenAI’s reasoning models, o1—and more efficiently. What’s more, DeepSeek isn’t a super-secret project kept behind lock and key like OpenAI’s. It was released for all to see.

DeepSeek was released as the US has made outcompeting China in the AI race a top priority. This goal was a driving force behind the 2022 CHIPS Act to make more chips domestically. It’s influenced the position of tech companies like OpenAI, which has embraced lending its models to national security work and has partnered with the defense-tech company Anduril to help the military take down drones. It’s led to export controls that limit what types of chips Nvidia can sell to China.

The success of DeepSeek signals that these efforts aren’t working as well as AI leaders in the US would like (though it’s worth noting that the impact of export controls for chips isn’t felt for a few years, so the policy wouldn’t be expected to have prevented a model like DeepSeek).  

Still, the model poses a threat to the bottom line of certain players in Big Tech. Why pay for an expensive model from OpenAI when you can get access to DeepSeek for free? Even other makers of open-source models, especially Meta, are panicking about the competition, according to The Information. The company has set up a number of “war rooms” to figure out how DeepSeek was made so efficient. (A couple of days after the Stargate announcement, Meta said it would increase its own capital investments by 70% to build more AI infrastructure.)

What does this all mean for the Stargate project? Let’s think about why OpenAI and its partners are willing to spend $500 billion on data centers to begin with. They believe that AI in its various forms—not just chatbots or generative video or even new AI agents, but also developments yet to be unveiled—will be the most lucrative tool humanity has ever built. They also believe that access to powerful chips inside massive data centers is the key to getting there. 

DeepSeek poked some holes in that approach. It didn’t train on yet-unreleased chips that are light-years ahead. It didn’t, to our knowledge, require the eye-watering amounts of computing power and energy behind the models from US companies that have made headlines. Its designers made clever decisions in the name of efficiency.

In theory, it could make a project like Stargate seem less urgent and less necessary. If, in dissecting DeepSeek, AI companies discover some lessons about how to make models use existing resources more effectively, perhaps constructing more and more data centers won’t be the only winning formula for better AI. That would be welcome to the many people affected by the problems data centers can bring, like lots of emissions, the loss of fresh, drinkable water used to cool them, and the strain on local power grids. 

Thus far, DeepSeek doesn’t seem to have sparked such a change in approach. OpenAI researcher Noam Brown wrote on X, “I have no doubt that with even more compute it would be an even more powerful model.”

If his logic wins out, the players with the most computing power will win, and getting it is apparently worth at least $500 billion to AI’s biggest companies. But let’s remember—announcing it is the easiest part.

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Deeper Learning

What’s next for robots

Many of the big questions about AI–-how it learns, how well it works, and where it should be deployed—are now applicable to robotics. In the year ahead, we will see humanoid robots being put to the test in warehouses and factories, robots learning in simulated worlds, and a rapid increase in the military’s adoption of autonomous drones, submarines, and more. 

Why it matters: Jensen Huang, the highly influential CEO of the chipmaker Nvidia, stated last month that the next advancement in AI will mean giving the technology a “body” of sorts in the physical world. This will come in the form of advanced robotics. Even with the caveat that robotics is full of futuristic promises that usually aren’t fulfilled by their deadlines, the marrying of AI methods with new advancements in robots means the field is changing quickly. Read more here.

Bits and Bytes

Leaked documents expose deep ties between Israeli army and Microsoft

Since the attacks of October 7, the Israeli military has relied heavily on cloud and AI services from Microsoft and its partner OpenAI, and the tech giant’s staff has embedded with different units to support rollout, a joint investigation reveals. (+972 Magazine)

The tech arsenal that could power Trump’s immigration crackdown

The effort by federal agencies to acquire powerful technology to identify and track migrants has been unfolding for years across multiple administrations. These technologies may be called upon more directly under President Trump. (The New York Times)

OpenAI launches Operator—an agent that can use a computer for you

Operator is a web app that can carry out simple online tasks in a browser, such as booking concert tickets or making an online grocery order. (MIT Technology Review)

The second wave of AI coding is here

A string of startups are racing to build models that can produce better and better software. But it’s not only AI’s increasingly powerful ability to write code that’s impressive. They claim it’s the shortest path to superintelligent AI. (MIT Technology Review)

Here’s our forecast for AI this year

This story originally appeared in The Algorithm, our weekly newsletter on AI. To get stories like this in your inbox first, sign up here.

In December, our small but mighty AI reporting team was asked by our editors to make a prediction: What’s coming next for AI? 

In 2024, AI contributed both to Nobel Prize–winning chemistry breakthroughs and a mountain of cheaply made content that few people asked for but that nonetheless flooded the internet. Take AI-generated Shrimp Jesus images, among other examples. There was also a spike in greenhouse-gas emissions last year that can be attributed partly to the surge in energy-intensive AI. Our team got to thinking about how all of this will shake out in the year to come. 

As we look ahead, certain things are a given. We know that agents—AI models that do more than just converse with you and can actually go off and complete tasks for you—are the focus of many AI companies right now. Building them will raise lots of privacy questions about how much of our data and preferences we’re willing to give up in exchange for tools that will (allegedly) save us time. Similarly, the need to make AI faster and more energy efficient is putting so-called small language models in the spotlight. 

We instead wanted to focus on less obvious predictions. Mine were about how AI companies that previously shunned work in defense and national security might be tempted this year by contracts from the Pentagon, and how Donald Trump’s attitudes toward China could escalate the global race for the best semiconductors. Read the full list.

What’s not evident in that story is that the other predictions were not so clear-cut. Arguments ensued about whether or not 2025 will be the year of intimate relationships with chatbots, AI throuples, or traumatic AI breakups. To witness the fallout from our team’s lively debates (and hear more about what didn’t make the list), you can join our upcoming LinkedIn Live this Thursday, January 16. I’ll be talking it all over with Will Douglas Heaven, our senior editor for AI, and our news editor, Charlotte Jee. 

There are a couple other things I’ll be watching closely in 2025. One is how little the major AI players—namely OpenAI, Microsoft, and Google—are disclosing about the environmental burden of their models. Lots of evidence suggests that asking an AI model like ChatGPT about knowable facts, like the capital of Mexico, consumes much more energy (and releases far more emissions) than simply asking a search engine. Nonetheless, OpenAI’s Sam Altman in recent interviews has spoken positively about the idea of ChatGPT replacing the googling that we’ve all learned to do in the past two decades. It’s already happening, in fact. 

The environmental cost of all this will be top of mind for me in 2025, as will the possible cultural cost. We will go from searching for information by clicking links and (hopefully) evaluating sources to simply reading the responses that AI search engines serve up for us. As our editor in chief, Mat Honan, said in his piece on the subject, “Who wants to have to learn when you can just know?”

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Deeper Learning

What’s next for our privacy?

The US Federal Trade Commission has taken a number of enforcement actions against data brokers, some of which have  tracked and sold geolocation data from users at sensitive locations like churches, hospitals, and military installations without explicit consent. Though limited in nature, these actions may offer some new and improved protections for Americans’ personal information. 

Why it matters: A consensus is growing that Americans need better privacy protections—and that the best way to deliver them would be for Congress to pass comprehensive federal privacy legislation. Unfortunately, that’s not going to happen anytime soon. Enforcement actions from agencies like the FTC might be the next best thing in the meantime. Read more in Eileen Guo’s excellent story here.

Bits and Bytes

Meta trained its AI on a notorious piracy database

New court records, Wired reports, reveal that Meta used “a notorious so-called shadow library of pirated books that originated in Russia” to train its generative AI models. (Wired)

OpenAI’s top reasoning model struggles with the NYT Connections game

The game requires players to identify how groups of words are related. OpenAI’s o1 reasoning model had a hard time. (Mind Matters)

Anthropic’s chief scientist on 5 ways agents will be even better in 2025

The AI company Anthropic is now worth $60 billion. The company’s cofounder and chief scientist, Jared Kaplan, shared how AI agents will develop in the coming year. (MIT Technology Review)

A New York legislator attempts to regulate AI with a new bill

This year, a high-profile bill in California to regulate the AI industry was vetoed by Governor Gavin Newsom. Now, a legislator in New York is trying to revive the effort in his own state. (MIT Technology Review)

How US AI policy might change under Trump

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President Biden first witnessed the capabilities of ChatGPT in 2022 during a demo from Arati Prabhakar, the director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, in the oval office. That demo set a slew of events into motion and encouraged President Biden to support the US’s AI sector while managing the safety risks that will come from it. 

Prabhakar was a key player in passing the president’s executive order on AI in 2023, which sets rules for tech companies to make AI safer and more transparent (though it relies on voluntary participation). Before serving in President Biden’s cabinet, she held a number of government roles, from rallying for domestic production of semiconductors to heading up DARPA, the Pentagon’s famed research department. 

I had a chance to sit down with Prabhakar earlier this month. We discussed AI risks, immigration policies, the CHIPS Act, the public’s faith in science, and how it all may change under Trump.

The change of administrations comes at a chaotic time for AI. Trump’s team has not presented a clear thesis on how it will handle artificial intelligence, but plenty of people in it want to see that executive order dismantled. Trump said as much in July, endorsing the Republican platform that says the executive order “hinders AI innovation and imposes Radical Leftwing ideas on the development of this technology.” Powerful industry players, like venture capitalist Marc Andreessen, have said they support that move. However, complicating that narrative will be Elon Musk, who for years has expressed fears about doomsday AI scenarios and has been supportive of some regulations aiming to promote AI safety. No one really knows exactly what’s coming next, but Prabhakar has plenty of thoughts about what’s happened so far.

For her insights about the most important AI developments of the last administration, and what might happen in the next one, read my conversation with Arati Prabhakar. 

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Deeper Learning

These AI Minecraft characters did weirdly human stuff all on their own

The video game Minecraft is increasingly popular as a testing ground for AI models and agents. That’s a trend startup Altera recently embraced. It unleashed up to 1,000 software agents at a time, powered by large language models (LLMs), to interact with one another. Given just a nudge through text prompting, they developed a remarkable range of personality traits, preferences, and specialist roles, with no further inputs from their human creators. Remarkably, they spontaneously made friends, invented jobs, and even spread religion.

Why this matters: AI agents can execute tasks and exhibit autonomy, taking initiative in digital environments. This is another example of how the behaviors of such agents, with minimal prompting from humans, can be both impressive and downright bizarre. The people working to bring agents into the world have bold ambitions for them. Altera’s founder, Robert Yang sees the Minecraft experiments as an early step towards large-scale “AI civilizations” with agents that can coexist and work alongside us in digital spaces. “The true power of AI will be unlocked when we have truly autonomous agents that can collaborate at scale,” says Yang. Read more from Niall Firth.

Bits and Bytes

OpenAI is exploring advertising

Building and maintaining some of the world’s leading AI models doesn’t come cheap. The Financial Times has reported that OpenAI is hiring advertising talent from big tech rivals in a push to increase revenues. (Financial Times)

Landlords are using AI to raise rents, and cities are starting to push back

RealPage is a tech company that collects proprietary lease information on how much renters are paying and then uses an AI model to suggest to realtors how much to charge on apartments. Eight states and many municipalities have joined antitrust suits against the company, saying it constitutes an “unlawful information-sharing scheme” and inflates rental prices. (The Markup)

The way we measure progress in AI is terrible

Whenever new models come out, the companies that make them advertise how they perform in benchmark tests against other models. There are even leaderboards that rank them. But new research suggests these measurement methods aren’t helpful. (MIT Technology Review)

Nvidia has released a model that can create sounds and music

AI tools to make music and audio have received less attention than their counterparts that create images and video, except when the companies that make them get sued. Now, chip maker Nvidia has entered the space with a tool that creates impressive sound effects and music. (Ars Technica)

Artists say they leaked OpenAI’s Sora video model in protest

Many artists are outraged at the tech company for training its models on their work without compensating them. Now, a group of artists who were beta testers for OpenAI’s Sora model say they leaked it out of protest. (The Verge)

How the largest gathering of US police chiefs is talking about AI

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It can be tricky for reporters to get past certain doors, and the door to the International Association of Chiefs of Police conference is one that’s almost perpetually shut to the media. Thus, I was pleasantly surprised when I was able to attend for a day in Boston last month. 

It bills itself as the largest gathering of police chiefs in the United States, where leaders from many of the country’s 18,000 police departments and even some from abroad convene for product demos, discussions, parties, and awards. 

I went along to see how artificial intelligence was being discussed, and the message to police chiefs seemed crystal clear: If your department is slow to adopt AI, fix that now. The future of policing will rely on it in all its forms.

In the event’s expo hall, the vendors (of which there were more than 600) offered a glimpse into the ballooning industry of police-tech suppliers. Some had little to do with AI—booths showcased body armor, rifles, and prototypes of police-branded Cybertrucks, and others displayed new types of gloves promising to protect officers from needles during searches. But one needed only to look to where the largest crowds gathered to understand that AI was the major draw. 

The hype focused on three uses of AI in policing. The flashiest was virtual reality, exemplified by the booth from V-Armed, which sells VR systems for officer training. On the expo floor, V-Armed built an arena complete with VR goggles, cameras, and sensors, not unlike the one the company recently installed at the headquarters of the Los Angeles Police Department. Attendees could don goggles and go through training exercises on responding to active shooter situations. Many competitors of V-Armed were also at the expo, selling systems they said were cheaper, more effective, or simpler to maintain. 

The pitch on VR training is that in the long run, it can be cheaper and more engaging to use than training with actors or in a classroom. “If you’re enjoying what you’re doing, you’re more focused and you remember more than when looking at a PDF and nodding your head,” V-Armed CEO Ezra Kraus told me. 

The effectiveness of VR training systems has yet to be fully studied, and they can’t completely replicate the nuanced interactions police have in the real world. AI is not yet great at the soft skills required for interactions with the public. At a different company’s booth, I tried out a VR system focused on deescalation training, in which officers were tasked with calming down an AI character in distress. It suffered from lag and was generally quite awkward—the character’s answers felt overly scripted and programmatic. 

The second focus was on the changing way police departments are collecting and interpreting data. Rather than buying a gunshot detection tool from one company and a license plate reader or drone from another, police departments are increasingly using expanding suites of sensors, cameras, and so on from a handful of leading companies that promise to integrate the data collected and make it useful. 

Police chiefs attended classes on how to build these systems, like one taught by Microsoft and the NYPD about the Domain Awareness System, a web of license plate readers, cameras, and other data sources used to track and monitor crime in New York City. Crowds gathered at massive, high-tech booths from Axon and Flock, both sponsors of the conference. Flock sells a suite of cameras, license plate readers, and drones, offering AI to analyze the data coming in and trigger alerts. These sorts of tools have come in for heavy criticism from civil liberties groups, which see them as an assault on privacy that does little to help the public. 

Finally, as in other industries, AI is also coming for the drudgery of administrative tasks and reporting. Many companies at the expo, including Axon, offer generative AI products to help police officers write their reports. Axon’s offering, called Draft One, ingests footage from body cameras, transcribes it, and creates a first draft of a report for officers. 

“We’ve got this thing on an officer’s body, and it’s recording all sorts of great stuff about the incident,” Bryan Wheeler, a senior vice president at Axon, told me at the expo. “Can we use it to give the officer a head start?”

On the surface, it’s a writing task well suited for AI, which can quickly summarize information and write in a formulaic way. It could also save lots of time officers currently spend on writing reports. But given that AI is prone to “hallucination,” there’s an unavoidable truth: Even if officers are the final authors of their reports, departments adopting these sorts of tools risk injecting errors into some of the most critical documents in the justice system. 

“Police reports are sometimes the only memorialized account of an incident,” wrote Andrew Ferguson, a professor of law at American University, in July in the first law review article about the serious challenges posed by police reports written with AI. “Because criminal cases can take months or years to get to trial, the accuracy of these reports are critically important.” Whether certain details were included or left out can affect the outcomes of everything from bail amounts to verdicts. 

By showing an officer a generated version of a police report, the tools also expose officers to details from their body camera recordings before they complete their report, a document intended to capture the officer’s memory of the incident. That poses a problem. 

“The police certainly would never show video to a bystander eyewitness before they ask the eyewitness about what took place, as that would just be investigatory malpractice,” says Jay Stanley, a senior policy analyst with the ACLU Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project, who will soon publish work on the subject. 

A spokesperson for Axon says this concern “isn’t reflective of how the tool is intended to work,” and that Draft One has robust features to make sure officers read the reports closely, add their own information, and edit the reports for accuracy before submitting them.

My biggest takeaway from the conference was simply that the way US police are adopting AI is inherently chaotic. There is no one agency governing how they use the technology, and the roughly 18,000 police departments in the United States—the precise figure is not even known—have remarkably high levels of autonomy to decide which AI tools they’ll buy and deploy. The police-tech companies that serve them will build the tools police departments find attractive, and it’s unclear if anyone will draw proper boundaries for ethics, privacy, and accuracy. 

That will only be made more apparent in an upcoming Trump administration. In a policing agenda released last year during his campaign, Trump encouraged more aggressive tactics like “stop and frisk,” deeper cooperation with immigration agencies, and increased liability protection for officers accused of wrongdoing. The Biden administration is now reportedly attempting to lock in some of its proposed policing reforms before January. 

Without federal regulation on how police departments can and cannot use AI, the lines will be drawn by departments and police-tech companies themselves.

“Ultimately, these are for-profit companies, and their customers are law enforcement,” says Stanley. “They do what their customers want, in the absence of some very large countervailing threat to their business model.”

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Deeper Learning

The AI lab waging a guerrilla war over exploitative AI

When generative AI tools landed on the scene, artists were immediately concerned, seeing them as a new kind of theft. Computer security researcher Ben Zhao jumped into action in response, and his lab at the University of Chicago started building tools like Nightshade and Glaze to help artists keep their work from being scraped up by AI models. My colleague Melissa Heikkilä spent time with Zhao and his team to look at the ongoing effort to make these tools strong enough to stop AI’s relentless hunger for more images, art, and data to train on.  

Why this matters: The current paradigm in AI is to build bigger and bigger models, and these require vast data sets to train on. Tech companies argue that anything on the public internet is fair game, while artists demand compensation or the right to refuse. Settling this fight in the courts or through regulation could take years, so tools like Nightshade and Glaze are what artists have for now. If the tools disrupt AI companies’ efforts to make better models, that could push them to the negotiating table to bargain over licensing and fair compensation. But it’s a big “if.” Read more from Melissa Heikkilä.

Bits and Bytes

Tech elites are lobbying Elon Musk for jobs in Trump’s administration

Elon Musk is the tech leader who most has Trump’s ear. As such, he’s reportedly the conduit through which AI and tech insiders are pushing to have an influence in the incoming administration. (The New York Times)

OpenAI is getting closer to launching an AI agent to automate your tasks

AI agents—models that can do tasks for you on your behalf—are all the rage. OpenAI is reportedly closer to releasing one, news that comes a few weeks after Anthropic announced its own. (Bloomberg)

How this grassroots effort could make AI voices more diverse

A massive volunteer-led effort to collect training data in more languages, from people of more ages and genders, could help make the next generation of voice AI more inclusive and less exploitative. (MIT Technology Review) 

Google DeepMind has a new way to look inside an AI’s “mind”

Autoencoders let us peer into the black box of artificial intelligence. They could help us create AI that is better understood and more easily controlled. (MIT Technology Review)

Musk has expanded his legal assault on OpenAI to target Microsoft

Musk has expanded his federal lawsuit against OpenAI, which alleges that the company has abandoned its nonprofit roots and obligations. He’s now going after Microsoft too, accusing it of antitrust violations in its work with OpenAI. (The Washington Post)

How ChatGPT search paves the way for AI agents

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OpenAI’s Olivier Godement, head of product for its platform, and Romain Huet, head of developer experience, are on a whistle-stop tour around the world. Last week, I sat down with the pair in London before DevDay, the company’s annual developer conference. London’s DevDay is the first one for the company outside San Francisco. Godement and Huet are heading to Singapore next. 

It’s been a busy few weeks for the company. In London, OpenAI announced updates to its new Realtime API platform, which allows developers to build voice features into their applications. The company is rolling out new voices and a function that lets developers generate prompts, which will allow them to build apps and more helpful voice assistants more quickly. Meanwhile for consumers, OpenAI announced it was launching ChatGPT search, which allows users to search the internet using the chatbot. Read more here. 

Both developments pave the way for the next big thing in AI: agents. These are AI assistants that can complete complex chains of tasks, such as booking flights. (You can read my explainer on agents here.) 

“Fast-forward a few years—every human on Earth, every business, has an agent. That agent knows you extremely well. It knows your preferences,” Godement says. The agent will have access to your emails, apps, and calendars and will act like a chief of staff, interacting with each of these tools and even working on long-term problems, such as writing a paper on a particular topic, he says. 

OpenAI’s strategy is to both build agents itself and allow developers to use its software to build their own agents, says Godement. Voice will play an important role in what agents will look and feel like. 

“At the moment most of the apps are chat based … which is cool, but not suitable for all use cases. There are some use cases where you’re not typing, not even looking at the screen, and so voice essentially has a much better modality for that,” he says. 

But there are two big hurdles that need to be overcome before agents can become a reality, Godement says. 

The first is reasoning. Building AI agents requires us to be able to trust that they will be able to complete complex tasks and do the right things, says Huet. That’s where OpenAI “reasoning” feature comes in. Introduced in OpenAI’s o1 model last month, it uses reinforcement learning to teach the model how to process information using “chain of thought.” Giving the model more time to generate answers allows it to recognize and correct mistakes, break down problems into smaller ones, and try different approaches to answering questions, Godement says. 

But OpenAI’s claims about reasoning should be taken with a pinch of salt, says Chirag Shah, a computer science professor at the University of Washington. Large language models are not exhibiting true reasoning. It’s most likely that they have picked up what looks like logic from something they’ve seen in their training data.

“These models sometimes seem to be really amazing at reasoning, but it’s just like they’re really good at pretending, and it only takes a little bit of picking at them to break them,” he says.

There is still much more work to be done, Godement admits. In the short term, AI models such as o1 need to be much more reliable, faster, and cheaper. In the long term, the company needs to apply its chain-of-thought technique to a wider pool of use cases. OpenAI has focused on science, coding, and math. Now it wants to address other fields, such as law, accounting, and economics, he says. 

Second on the to-do list is the ability to connect different tools, Godement says. An AI model’s capabilities will be limited if it has to rely on its training data alone. It needs to be able to surf the web and look for up-to-date information. ChatGPT search is one powerful way OpenAI’s new tools can now do that. 

These tools need to be able not only to retrieve information but to take actions in the real world. Competitor Anthropic announced a new feature where its Claude chatbot can “use” a computer by interacting with its interface to click on things, for example. This is an important feature for agents if they are going to be able to execute tasks like booking flights. Godement says o1 can “sort of” use tools, though not very reliably, and that research on tool use is a “promising development.” 

In the next year, Godemont says, he expects the adoption of AI for customer support and other assistant-based tasks to grow. However, he says that it can be hard to predict how people will adopt and use OpenAI’s technology. 

“Frankly, looking back every year, I’m surprised by use cases that popped up that I did not even anticipate,” he says. “I expect there will be quite a few surprises that you know none of us could predict.” 

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Deeper Learning

This AI-generated version of Minecraft may represent the future of real-time video generation

When you walk around in a version of the video game Minecraft from the AI companies Decart and Etched, it feels a little off. Sure, you can move forward, cut down a tree, and lay down a dirt block, just like in the real thing. If you turn around, though, the dirt block you just placed may have morphed into a totally new environment. That doesn’t happen in Minecraft. But this new version is entirely AI-generated, so it’s prone to hallucinations. Not a single line of code was written.

Ready, set, go: This version of Minecraft is generated in real time, using a technique known as next-frame prediction. The AI companies behind it did this by training their model, Oasis, on millions of hours of Minecraft game play and recordings of the corresponding actions a user would take in the game. The AI is able to sort out the physics, environments, and controls of Minecraft from this data alone. Read more from Scott J. Mulligan.

Bits and Bytes

AI search could break the web
At its best, AI search can better infer a user’s intent, amplify quality content, and synthesize information from diverse sources. But if AI search becomes our primary portal to the web, it threatens to disrupt an already precarious digital economy, argues Benjamin Brooks, a fellow at the Berkman Klein Center at Harvard University, who used to lead public policy for Stability AI. (MIT Technology Review) 

AI will add to the e-waste problem. Here’s what we can do about it.
Equipment used to train and run generative AI models could produce up to 5 million tons of e-waste by 2030, a relatively small but significant fraction of the global total. (MIT Technology Review) 

How an “interview” with a dead luminary exposed the pitfalls of AI
A state-funded radio station in Poland fired its on-air talent and brought in AI-generated presenters. But the experiment caused an outcry and was stopped when tone of them  “interviewed” a dead Nobel laureate. (The New York Times) 

Meta says yes, please, to more AI-generated slop
In Meta’s latest earnings call, CEO Mark Zuckerberg said we’re likely to see 
“a whole new category of content, which is AI generated or AI summarized content or kind of existing content pulled together by AI in some way.” Zuckerberg added that he thinks “that’s going to be just very exciting.” (404 Media) 

Palmer Luckey’s vision for the future of mixed reality

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War is a catalyst for change, an expert in AI and warfare told me in 2022. At the time, the war in Ukraine had just started, and the military AI business was booming. Two years later, things have only ramped up as geopolitical tensions continue to rise.

Silicon Valley players are poised to benefit. One of them is Palmer Luckey, the founder of the virtual-reality headset company Oculus, which he sold to Facebook for $2 billion. After Luckey’s highly public ousting from Meta, he founded Anduril, which focuses on drones, cruise missiles, and other AI-enhanced technologies for the US Department of Defense. The company is now valued at $14 billion. My colleague James O’Donnell interviewed Luckey about his new pet project: headsets for the military. 

Luckey is increasingly convinced that the military, not consumers, will see the value of mixed-reality hardware first: “You’re going to see an AR headset on every soldier, long before you see it on every civilian,” he says. In the consumer world, any headset company is competing with the ubiquity and ease of the smartphone, but he sees entirely different trade-offs in defense. Read the interview here. 

The use of AI for military purposes is controversial. Back in 2018, Google pulled out of the Pentagon’s Project Maven, an attempt to build image recognition systems to improve drone strikes, following staff walkouts over the ethics of the technology. (Google has since returned to offering services for the defense sector.) There has been a long-standing campaign to ban autonomous weapons, also known as “killer robots,” which powerful militaries such as the US have refused to agree to.  

But the voices that boom even louder belong to an influential faction in Silicon Valley, such as Google’s former CEO Eric Schmidt, who has called for the military to adopt and invest more in AI to get an edge over adversaries. Militaries all over the world have been very receptive to this message.

That’s good news for the tech sector. Military contracts are long and lucrative, for a start. Most recently, the Pentagon purchased services from Microsoft and OpenAI to do search, natural-language processing, machine learning, and data processing, reports The Intercept. In the interview with James, Palmer Luckey says the military is a perfect testing ground for new technologies. Soldiers do as they are told and aren’t as picky as consumers, he explains. They’re also less price-sensitive: Militaries don’t mind spending a premium to get the latest version of a technology.

But there are serious dangers in adopting powerful technologies prematurely in such high-risk areas. Foundation models pose serious national security and privacy threats by, for example, leaking sensitive information, argue researchers at the AI Now Institute and Meredith Whittaker, president of the communication privacy organization Signal, in a new paper. Whittaker, who was a core organizer of the Project Maven protests, has said that the push to militarize AI is really more about enriching tech companies than improving military operations. 

Despite calls for stricter rules around transparency, we are unlikely to see governments restrict their defense sectors in any meaningful way beyond voluntary ethical commitments. We are in the age of AI experimentation, and militaries are playing with the highest stakes of all. And because of the military’s secretive nature, tech companies can experiment with the technology without the need for transparency or even much accountability. That suits Silicon Valley just fine. 

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Deeper Learning

How Wayve’s driverless cars will meet one of their biggest challenges yet

The UK driverless-car startup Wayve is headed west. The firm’s cars learned to drive on the streets of London. But Wayve has announced that it will begin testing its tech in and around San Francisco as well. And that brings a new challenge: Its AI will need to switch from driving on the left to driving on the right.

Full speed ahead: As visitors to or from the UK will know, making that switch is harder than it sounds. Your view of the road, how the vehicle turns—it’s all different. The move to the US will be a test of Wayve’s technology, which the company claims is more general-purpose than what many of its rivals are offering. Across the Atlantic, the company will now go head to head with the heavyweights of the growing autonomous-car industry, including Cruise, Waymo, and Tesla. Join Will Douglas Heaven on a ride in one of its cars to find out more. 

Bits and Bytes

Kids are learning how to make their own little language models
Little Language Models is a new application from two PhD researchers at MIT’s Media Lab that helps children understand how AI models work—by getting to build small-scale versions themselves. (MIT Technology Review) 

Google DeepMind is making its AI text watermark open source
Google DeepMind has developed a tool for identifying AI-generated text called SynthID, which is part of a larger family of watermarking tools for generative AI outputs. The company is applying the watermark to text generated by its Gemini models and making it available for others to use too. (MIT Technology Review) 

Anthropic debuts an AI model that can “use” a computer
The tool enables the company’s Claude AI model to interact with computer interfaces and take actions such as moving a cursor, clicking on things, and typing text. It’s a very cumbersome and error-prone version of what some have said AI agents will be able to do one day. (Anthropic) 

Can an AI chatbot be blamed for a teen’s suicide?
A 14-year-old boy committed suicide, and his mother says it was because he was obsessed with an AI chatbot created by Character.AI. She is suing the company. Chatbots have been touted as cures for loneliness, but critics say they actually worse isolation.  (The New York Times) 

Google, Microsoft, and Perplexity are promoting scientific racism in search results
The internet’s biggest AI-powered search engines are featuring the widely debunked idea that white people are genetically superior to other races. (Wired) 

A data bottleneck is holding AI science back, says new Nobel winner

This story originally appeared in The Algorithm, our weekly newsletter on AI. To get stories like this in your inbox first, sign up here.

David Baker is sleep-deprived but happy. He’s just won the Nobel prize, after all. 

The call from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences woke him in the middle of the night. Or rather, his wife did. She answered the phone at their home in Washington, D.C. and screamed that he’d won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. The prize is the ultimate recognition of his work as a biochemist at the University of Washington.

“I woke up at two [a.m.] and basically didn’t sleep through the whole day, which was all parties and stuff,” he told me the day after the announcement. “I’m looking forward to getting back to normal a little bit today.”

Last week was a major milestone for AI, with two Nobel prizes awarded for AI-related discoveries. 

Baker wasn’t alone in winning the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded it to Demis Hassabis, the cofounder and CEO of Google DeepMind, and John M. Jumper, a director at the same company, too. Google DeepMind was awarded for its research on AlphaFold, a tool which can predict how proteins are structured, while Baker was recognized for his work using AI to design new proteins. Read more about it here. 

Meanwhile, the physics prize went to Geoffrey Hinton, a computer scientist whose pioneering work on deep learning in the 1980s and ’90s underpins all of the most powerful AI models in the world today, and fellow computer scientist John Hopfield, who invented a type of pattern-matching neural network that can store and reconstruct data. Read more about it here.

Speaking to reporters after the prize was announced, Hassabis said he believes that it will herald more AI tools being used for significant scientific discoveries. 

But there is one problem. AI needs masses of high-quality data to be useful for science, and databases containing that sort of data are rare, says Baker. 

The prize is a recognition for the whole community of people working as protein designers. It will help move protein design from the “lunatic fringe of stuff that no one ever thought would be useful for anything to being at the center stage,” he says.  

AI has been a gamechanger for biochemists like Baker. Seeing what DeepMind was able to do with AlphaFold made it clear that deep learning was going to be a powerful tool for their work. 

“There’s just all these problems that were really hard before that we are now having much more success with thanks to generative AI methods. We can do much more complicated things,” Baker says. 

Baker is already busy at work. He says his team is focusing on designing enzymes, which carry out all the chemical reactions that living things rely upon to exist. His team is also working on medicines that only act at the right time and place in the body. 

But Baker is hesitant in calling this a watershed moment for AI in science. 

In AI there’s a saying: Garbage in, garbage out. If the data that is fed into AI models is not good, the outcomes won’t be dazzling either. 

The power of the Chemistry Nobel Prize-winning AI tools lies in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), a rare treasure trove of high-quality, curated and standardized data. This is exactly the kind of data that AI needs to do anything useful. But the current trend in AI development is training ever-larger models on the entire content of the internet, which is increasingly full of AI-generated slop. This slop in turn gets sucked into datasets and pollutes the outcomes, leading to bias and errors. That’s just not good enough for rigorous scientific discovery.

“If there were many databases as good as the PDB, I would say, yes, this [prize] probably is just the first of many, but it is kind of a unique database in biology,” Baker says. “It’s not just the methods, it’s the data. And there aren’t so many places where we have that kind of data.”

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Deeper Learning

Adobe wants to make it easier for artists to blacklist their work from AI scraping

Adobe has announced a new tool to help creators watermark their work and opt out of having it used to train generative AI models. The web app, called Adobe Content Authenticity, also gives artists the opportunity to add “content credentials,” including their verified identity, social media handles, or other online domains, to their work.

A digital signature: Content credentials are based on C2PA, an internet protocol that uses cryptography to securely label images, video, and audio with information clarifying where they came from—the 21st-century equivalent of an artist’s signature. Creators can apply them to their content regardless of whether it was created using Adobe tools. The company is launching a public beta in early 2025. Read more from Rhiannon Williams here.

Bits and Bytes

Why artificial intelligence and clean energy need each other
A geopolitical battle is raging over the future of AI. The key to winning it is a clean-energy revolution, argue Michael Kearney and Lisa Hansmann, from Engine Ventures, a firm that invests in startups commercializing breakthrough science and engineering. They believe that AI’s huge power demands represent a chance to scale the next generation of clean energy technologies. (MIT Technology Review)

The state of AI in 2025
AI investor Nathan Benaich and Air Street Capital have released their annual analysis of the state of AI. Their predictions for the next year? Big, proprietary models will start to lose their edge, and labs will focus more on planning and reasoning. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the investor also bets that a handful of AI companies will begin to generate serious revenue. 

Silicon Valley, the new lobbying monster
Big Tech’s tentacles reach everywhere in Washington DC. This is a fascinating look at how tech companies lobby politicians to influence how AI is regulated in the United States.  (The New Yorker) 

Why OpenAI’s new model is such a big deal

This story is from The Algorithm, our weekly newsletter on AI. To get it in your inbox first, sign up here.

Last weekend, I got married at a summer camp, and during the day our guests competed in a series of games inspired by the show Survivor that my now-wife and I orchestrated. When we were planning the games in August, we wanted one station to be a memory challenge, where our friends and family would have to memorize part of a poem and then relay it to their teammates so they could re-create it with a set of wooden tiles. 

I thought OpenAI’s GPT-4o, its leading model at the time, would be perfectly suited to help. I asked it to create a short wedding-themed poem, with the constraint that each letter could only appear a certain number of times so we could make sure teams would be able to reproduce it with the provided set of tiles. GPT-4o failed miserably. The model repeatedly insisted that its poem worked within the constraints, even though it didn’t. It would correctly count the letters only after the fact, while continuing to deliver poems that didn’t fit the prompt. Without the time to meticulously craft the verses by hand, we ditched the poem idea and instead challenged guests to memorize a series of shapes made from colored tiles. (That ended up being a total hit with our friends and family, who also competed in dodgeball, egg tosses, and capture the flag.)    

However, last week OpenAI released a new model called o1 (previously referred to under the code name “Strawberry” and, before that, Q*) that blows GPT-4o out of the water for this type of purpose. 

Unlike previous models that are well suited for language tasks like writing and editing, OpenAI o1 is focused on multistep “reasoning,” the type of process required for advanced mathematics, coding, or other STEM-based questions. It uses a “chain of thought” technique, according to OpenAI. “It learns to recognize and correct its mistakes. It learns to break down tricky steps into simpler ones. It learns to try a different approach when the current one isn’t working,” the company wrote in a blog post on its website.

OpenAI’s tests point to resounding success. The model ranks in the 89th percentile on questions from the competitive coding organization Codeforces and would be among the top 500 high school students in the USA Math Olympiad, which covers geometry, number theory, and other math topics. The model is also trained to answer PhD-level questions in subjects ranging from astrophysics to organic chemistry. 

In math olympiad questions, the new model is 83.3% accurate, versus 13.4% for GPT-4o. In the PhD-level questions, it averaged 78% accuracy, compared with 69.7% from human experts and 56.1% from GPT-4o. (In light of these accomplishments, it’s unsurprising the new model was pretty good at writing a poem for our nuptial games, though still not perfect; it used more Ts and Ss than instructed to.)

So why does this matter? The bulk of LLM progress until now has been language-driven, resulting in chatbots or voice assistants that can interpret, analyze, and generate words. But in addition to getting lots of facts wrong, such LLMs have failed to demonstrate the types of skills required to solve important problems in fields like drug discovery, materials science, coding, or physics. OpenAI’s o1 is one of the first signs that LLMs might soon become genuinely helpful companions to human researchers in these fields. 

It’s a big deal because it brings “chain-of-thought” reasoning in an AI model to a mass audience, says Matt Welsh, an AI researcher and founder of the LLM startup Fixie. 

“The reasoning abilities are directly in the model, rather than one having to use separate tools to achieve similar results. My expectation is that it will raise the bar for what people expect AI models to be able to do,” Welsh says.

That said, it’s best to take OpenAI’s comparisons to “human-level skills” with a grain of salt, says Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye, an associate professor in math and computer science at Imperial College London. It’s very hard to meaningfully compare how LLMs and people go about tasks such as solving math problems from scratch.

Also, AI researchers say that measuring how well a model like o1 can “reason” is harder than it sounds. If it answers a given question correctly, is that because it successfully reasoned its way to the logical answer? Or was it aided by a sufficient starting point of knowledge built into the model? The model “still falls short when it comes to open-ended reasoning,” Google AI researcher François Chollet wrote on X.

Finally, there’s the price. This reasoning-heavy model doesn’t come cheap. Though access to some versions of the model is included in premium OpenAI subscriptions, developers using o1 through the API will pay three times as much as they pay for GPT-4o—$15 per 1 million input tokens in o1, versus $5 for GPT-4o. The new model also won’t be most users’ first pick for more language-heavy tasks, where GPT-4o continues to be the better option, according to OpenAI’s user surveys. 

What will it unlock? We won’t know until researchers and labs have the access, time, and budget to tinker with the new mode and find its limits. But it’s surely a sign that the race for models that can outreason humans has begun. 

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Deeper learning

Chatbots can persuade people to stop believing in conspiracy theories

Researchers believe they’ve uncovered a new tool for combating false conspiracy theories: AI chatbots. Researchers from MIT Sloan and Cornell University found that chatting about a conspiracy theory with a large language model (LLM) reduced people’s belief in it by about 20%—even among participants who claimed that their beliefs were important to their identity. 

Why this matters: The findings could represent an important step forward in how we engage with and educate people who espouse such baseless theories, says Yunhao (Jerry) Zhang, a postdoc fellow affiliated with the Psychology of Technology Institute who studies AI’s impacts on society. “They show that with the help of large language models, we can—I wouldn’t say solve it, but we can at least mitigate this problem,” he says. “It points out a way to make society better.” Read more from Rhiannon Williams here.

Bits and bytes

Google’s new tool lets large language models fact-check their responses

Called DataGemma, it uses two methods to help LLMs check their responses against reliable data and cite their sources more transparently to users. (MIT Technology Review)

Meet the radio-obsessed civilian shaping Ukraine’s drone defense 

Since Russia’s invasion, Serhii “Flash” Beskrestnov has become an influential, if sometimes controversial, force—sharing expert advice and intel on the ever-evolving technology that’s taken over the skies. His work may determine the future of Ukraine, and wars far beyond it. (MIT Technology Review)

Tech companies have joined a White House commitment to prevent AI-generated sexual abuse imagery

The pledges, signed by firms like OpenAI, Anthropic, and Microsoft, aim to “curb the creation of image-based sexual abuse.” The companies promise to set limits on what models will generate and to remove nude images from training data sets where possible.  (Fortune)

OpenAI is now valued at $150 billion

The valuation arose out of talks it’s currently engaged in to raise $6.5 billion. Given that OpenAI is becoming increasingly costly to operate, and could lose as much as $5 billion this year, it’s tricky to see how it all adds up. (The Information)

What impact will AI have on video game development?

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Video game development has long been plagued by fear of the “crunch”—essentially, being forced to work overtime on a game to meet a deadline. In the early days of video games, the crunch was often viewed as a rite of passage: In the last days before release, an obsessed group of scrappy developers would work late into the night to perfect their dream game. 

However, nowadays the crunch is less likely to be glamorized than to be seen as a form of exploitation that risks causing mental illness and burnout. Part of the issue is that crunch time used to be just before a game launched, but now whole game development periods are “crunchy.” With games getting more expensive, companies are incentivized to make even more short-term profits by squeezing developers. 

But what if AI could help to alleviate game-development hell? It may already be happening. According to a recent poll by a16z, 87% of studios are using generative AI tools like Midjourney to create in-game environments. Others are using it for game testing or looking for bugs, while Ubisoft is experimenting with using AI to create different basic dialogue options.  

And even more help is coming. A tool developed by the team at Roblox aims to allow developers to make 3D environments and scenes in an instant with nothing but text prompts. Typically, creating an environment may take a week for a small game or much longer for a studio project, depending on how complex the designs are. But Roblox aims to let developers almost instantly bring their personal vision to life. 

For example, let’s say you wanted your game to be set in a spaceship with the interior design of a Buddhist temple. You’d just put that into a prompt—“Create a spaceship …”—and BAM! Your one-of-a-kind environment would be generated immediately.

The technology behind this can be used for any 3D environment, not just Roblox. My article here goes into more depth, but essentially, if ChatGPT’s tokens are words, the Roblox system’s tokens are 3D cubes that form a larger scene, allowing the 3D generation equivalent of what ChatGPT can do for text. This means the model could potentially be used to generate a whole city in the Grand Theft Auto universe. That said, the demo I saw from Roblox was far smaller, generating only a racetrack. So more realistically, I imagine it would be used to build one aspect of a city in Grand Theft Auto, like a stadium—at least for now.

Roblox claims you’re also able to modify a scene with prompts. So let’s say you get bored of the Buddhist temple aesthetic. You can prompt the model again—“Make the spaceship interior a forest”—and within an instant, all the Buddhist statues will turn to trees.

A lot of these types of things can already be done manually, of course, but it can take a lot of time. Ideally, this kind of technology will allow 3D artists to offload some of the tedium of their job to an AI. (Though some of them may argue that building the environment is creatively fulfilling—maybe even one of their favorite parts of their job. Having an AI spawn an environment in an instant may take away some of the joy of slowly discovering an environment as you build it.)

Personally, I’m fairly skeptical of AI in video games. As a former developer myself, I cringe a little bit when I hear about AI being used to write dialogue for characters. I worry about terribly stilted results and the possibility that writers will lose their jobs. In the same vein, I worry about putting 3D artists out of work and ending up with 3D environments that look off, or obviously generated by AI without care or thought.

It’s clear that the big AI wave is crashing upon us. And whether it leads to better work-life balance for game developers is going to be determined by how these systems are implemented. Will developers have a tool to reduce tedium and eliminate repetitive tasks, or will they have fewer colleagues, and new colleagues who insist on using words like “delves” and “showcasing” in every other sentence? 

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Deeper learning

AI is already being used in games for eliminating inappropriate language
This new Roblox development comes after the company introduced AI to analyze in-game voice chat in real time last fall. Other games, like Call of Duty, have implemented similar systems. If the AI determines that a player is using foul language, it will issue a warning, and then a ban if restricted words keep coming. 

Why this matters: As we’ve written previously, content moderation with AI has proved to be tricky. It seems like an obvious way to make good use of the technology’s ability to look at masses of information and make quick assessments, but AI still has a hard time with nuance and cultural contexts. That hasn’t stopped it from being implemented in video games, which have been and will continue to be one of the testing grounds for the latest innovations in AI. My colleague Niall explains in his recent piece how it could make virtual worlds more immersive and flexible.

Bits and bytes

What this futuristic Olympics video says about the state of generative AI
Filmmaker Josh Kahn used AI to create a short video that imagines what an Olympics in LA might look like in the year 3028, which he shared exclusively with MIT Technology Review. The short demonstrates AI’s immense power for video creation, but it also highlights some of the issues with using the technology for that purpose. 
(MIT Technology Review)

A Dutch regulator has slapped Clearview AI with a $33 million fine 
Years ago, Clearview AI scraped images of people from the internet without their permission. Now Dutch authorities are suing the company, claiming that Clearview’s database is illegal because it violates individuals’ right to privacy. Clearview hasn’t paid past fines and doesn’t plan to pay this one, claiming that Dutch authorities have no jurisdiction over the company since it doesn’t have a business in the Netherlands. The Dutch are considering holding the directors of Clearview personally financially liable.
(The Verge)

How OpenAI is changing
OpenAI continues to evolve; recent moves include adding the former director of the US National Security Agency to its board and considering plans to restructure the company to be more attractive for investors. Additionally, there are talks over a new investment into OpenAI that would value it at over $100 billion. It sure feels like a long time since OpenAI could credibly claim to just be a research lab. 
(The New York Times)

NaNoWriMo says condemning AI Is “classist and ableist”
The organizers of the “write a book in a month” challenge have got themselves into hot water recently, with a big backlash against their decision to support the use of AI for writers. They’ve countered the haters by claiming that opposing the use of AI in writing is both classist and ableist, as some people require extra assistance and accommodation from AI tools. 
(404 media)

Here’s how ed-tech companies are pitching AI to teachers

This story is from The Algorithm, our weekly newsletter on AI. To get it in your inbox first, sign up here.

This back-to-school season marks the third year in which AI models like ChatGPT will be used by thousands of students around the globe (among them my nephews, who tell me with glee each time they ace an assignment using AI). A top concern among educators remains that when students use such models to write essays or come up with ideas for projects, they miss out on the hard and focused thinking that builds creative reasoning skills. 

But this year, more and more educational technology companies are pitching schools on a different use of AI. Rather than scrambling to tamp down the use of it in the classroom, these companies are coaching teachers how to use AI tools to cut down on time they spend on tasks like grading, providing feedback to students, or planning lessons. They’re positioning AI as a teacher’s ultimate time saver. 

One company, called Magic School, says its AI tools like quiz generators and text summarizers are used by 2.5 million educators. Khan Academy offers a digital tutor called Khanmigo, which it bills to teachers as “your free, AI-powered teaching assistant.” Teachers can use it to assist students in subjects ranging from coding to humanities. Writing coaches like Pressto help teachers provide feedback on student essays.  

The pitches from ed-tech companies often cite a 2020 report from McKinsey and Microsoft, which found teachers work an average of 50 hours per week. Many of those hours, according to the report, consist of “late nights marking papers, preparing lesson plans, or filling out endless paperwork.” The authors suggested that embracing AI tools could save teachers 13 hours per week. 

Companies aren’t the only ones making this pitch. Educators and policymakers have also spent the last year pushing for AI in the classroom. Education departments in South Korea, Japan, Singapore, and US states like North Carolina and Colorado have issued guidance for how teachers can positively and safely incorporate AI. 

But when it comes to how willing teachers are to turn over some of their responsibilities to an AI model, the answer really depends on the task, according to Leon Furze, an educator and PhD candidate at Deakin University who studies the impact of generative AI on writing instruction and education.

“We know from plenty of research that teacher workload actually comes from data collection and analysis, reporting, and communications,” he says. “Those are all areas where AI can help.”

Then there are a host of not-so-menial tasks that teachers are more skeptical AI can excel at. They often come down to two core teaching responsibilities: lesson planning and grading. A host of companies offer large language models that they say can generate lesson plans to conform to different curriculum standards. Some teachers, including in some California districts, have also used AI models to grade and provide feedback for essays. For these applications of AI, Furze says, many of the teachers he works with are less confident in its reliability. 

When companies promise time savings for planning and grading, it is “a huge red flag,” he says, because “those are core parts of the profession.” He adds, “Lesson planning is—or should be—thoughtful, creative, even fun.” Automated feedback on creative skills like writing is controversial too: “Students want feedback from humans, and assessment is a way for teachers to get to know students. Some feedback can be automated, but not all.” 

So how eager are teachers to adopt AI to save time? Earlier this year, in May, a Pew research poll found that only 6% of teachers think AI can provide more benefits than harm in education. But with AI changing faster than ever, this school year might be when ed-tech companies start to win them over.

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Deeper learning

How machine learning is helping us probe the secret names of animals

Until now, only humans, dolphins, elephants, and probably parrots had been known to use specific sounds to call out to other individuals. But now, researchers armed with audio recorders and pattern-recognition software are making unexpected discoveries about the secrets of animal names—at least with small monkeys called marmosets. They’ve found that the animals will adjust the sounds they make in a way that’s specific to whoever they’re “conversing” with at the time.  

Why this matters: In years past, it’s been argued that human language is unique and that animals lack both the brains and vocal apparatus to converse. But there’s growing evidence that isn’t the case, especially now that the use of names has been found in at least four distantly related species. Read more from Antonio Regalado.

Bits and bytes

How will AI change the future of sex? 

Porn and real-life sex affect each other in a loop. If people become accustomed to getting exactly what they want from erotic media, this could further affect their expectations of relationships. (MIT Technology Review)

There’s a new way to build neural networks that could make AI more understandable

The new method, studied in detail by a group led by researchers at MIT, could make it easier to understand why neural networks produce certain outputs, help verify their decisions, and even probe for bias. (MIT Technology Review)

Researchers built an “AI scientist.” What can it do?

The large language model does everything from reading the literature to writing and reviewing its own papers, but it has a limited range of applications so far. (Nature)

OpenAI is weighing changes to its corporate structure as it seeks more funding 

These discussions come as Apple, Nvidia, and Microsoft are considering a funding round that would value OpenAI at more than $100 billion. (Financial Times)