Cloudflare Report: Googlebot Tops AI Crawler Traffic via @sejournal, @MattGSouthern

Cloudflare published its sixth annual Year in Review, offering a comprehensive looks at Internet traffic, security, and AI crawler activity across 2025.

The report draws on data from Cloudflare’s network, which spans more than 330 cities across 125 countries and handles over 81 million HTTP requests per second on average.

The AI crawler findings stand out. Googlebot crawled far more web pages than any other AI bot, reflecting Google’s dual-purpose approach to crawling for both search indexing and AI training.

Googlebot Top AI Crawler Traffic

Cloudflare analyzed successful requests for HTML content from leading AI crawlers during October and November 2025. The results showed Googlebot reached 11.6% of unique web pages in the sample.

That’s more than 3 times the pages seen by OpenAI’s GPTBot at 3.6%. It’s nearly 200 times more than PerplexityBot, which crawled just 0.06% of pages.

Bingbot came in third at 2.6%, followed by Meta-ExternalAgent and ClaudeBot at 2.4% each.

The report noted that because Googlebot crawls for both search indexing and AI model training, web publishers face a difficult choice. Blocking Googlebot’s AI training means risking search discoverability.

Cloudflare wrote:

“Because Googlebot is used to crawl content for both search indexing and AI model training, and because of Google’s long-established dominance in search, Web site operators are essentially unable to block Googlebot’s AI training without risking search discoverability.”

AI Bots Now Account For 4.2% of HTML Requests

Throughout 2025, AI bots (excluding Googlebot) averaged 4.2% of HTML requests across Cloudflare’s customer base. The share fluctuated between 2.4% in early April and 6.4% in late June.

Googlebot alone accounted for 4.5% of HTML requests, slightly more than all other AI bots combined.

The share of human-generated HTML traffic started 2025 at seven percentage points below non-AI bot traffic. By September, human traffic began exceeding non-AI bot traffic on some days. As of December 2, humans generated 47% of HTML requests while non-AI bots generated 44%.

Crawl-to-Refer Ratios Show Wide Variation

Cloudflare tracks how often AI and search platforms send traffic to sites relative to how often they crawl. A high ratio means heavy crawling without sending users back to source sites.

Anthropic had the highest ratios among AI platforms, ranging from approximately 25,000:1 to 100,000:1 during the second half of the year after stabilizing from earlier volatility.

OpenAI’s ratios reached as high as 3,700:1 in March. Perplexity maintained the lowest ratios among leading AI platforms, generally below 400:1 and under 200:1 from September onward.

For comparison, Google’s search crawl-to-refer ratio stayed much lower, generally between 3:1 and 30:1 throughout the year.

User-Action Crawling Grew Over 20X

Not all AI crawling is for model training. “User action” crawling occurs when bots visit sites in response to user questions posed to chatbots.

This category saw the fastest growth in 2025. User-action crawling volume increased more than 15 times from January through early December. The trend closely matched the traffic pattern for OpenAI’s ChatGPT-User bot, which visits pages when users ask ChatGPT questions.

The growth showed a weekly usage pattern starting in mid-February, suggesting increased use in schools and workplaces. Activity dropped during June through August when students were on break and professionals took vacations.

AI Crawlers Most Blocked In Robots.txt

Cloudflare analyzed robots.txt files across nearly 3,900 of the top 10,000 domains. AI crawlers were the most frequently blocked user agents.

GPTBot, ClaudeBot, and CCBot had the highest number of full disallow directives. These directives tell crawlers to stay away from entire sites.

Googlebot and Bingbot showed a different pattern. Their disallow directives leaned heavily toward partial blocks, likely focused on login endpoints and non-content areas rather than full site blocking.

Civil Society Became Most-Attacked Sector

For the first time, organizations in the “People and Society” vertical were the most targeted by attacks. This category includes religious institutions, nonprofits, civic organizations, and libraries.

The sector received 4.4% of global mitigated traffic, up from under 2% at the start of the year. Attack share jumped to over 17% in late March and peaked at 23.2% in early July.

Many of these organizations are protected by Cloudflare’s Project Galileo.

Gambling and games, the most-attacked vertical in 2024, saw its share drop by more than half to 2.6%.

Other Key Findings

Cloudflare’s report included several additional findings across traffic, security, and connectivity.

Global Internet traffic grew 19% year-over-year. Growth stayed relatively flat through mid-April, then accelerated after mid-August.

Post-quantum encryption now secures 52% of human traffic to Cloudflare, nearly double the 29% share at the start of the year.

ChatGPT remained the top generative AI service globally. Google Gemini, Windsurf AI, Grok/xAI, and DeepSeek were new entrants to the top 10.

Starlink traffic doubled in 2025, with service launching in more than 20 new countries.

Nearly half of the 174 major Internet outages observed globally were caused by government-directed shutdowns. Cable cut outages dropped nearly 50%, while power failure outages doubled.

European countries dominated Internet quality metrics. Spain topped the list for overall Internet quality, with average download speeds above 300 Mbps.

Why This Matters

The AI crawler data should affects how you think about bot access and traffic.

Google’s dual-purpose crawler creates a competitive advantage. You can block other AI crawlers while keeping Googlebot access for search visibility, but you can’t separate Google’s search crawling from its AI training crawling.

The crawl-to-refer ratios help quantify what publishers already suspected. AI platforms crawl heavily but send little traffic back. The gap between crawling and referring varies widely by platform.

The civil society attack data matters if you work with nonprofits or advocacy organizations. These groups now face the highest rate of attacks.

Looking Ahead

Cloudflare expects AI metrics to change as the space continues to evolve. The company added several new AI-related datasets to this year’s report that weren’t available in previous editions.

The crawl-to-refer ratios may change as AI platforms adjust their search features and referral behavior. OpenAI’s ratios already showed some decline through the year as ChatGPT search usage grew.

For robots.txt management, the data shows most publishers are choosing partial blocks for major search crawlers while fully blocking AI-only crawlers. The year-end state of these directives provides a baseline for tracking how publisher policies evolve in 2026.


Featured Image: Mamun_Sheikh/Shutterstock

20 SEO Experts Offer Their Advice For 2026 via @sejournal, @theshelleywalsh

This year has been a continuation of learning and understanding about how AI impacts our industry. It’s been less about the chaos of the initial disruption and more about “how do we leverage this?

My belief is that SEO is a practice that needs to be adaptable to the end goal and not fixed to any predetermined notions centered around Google, ranking, or keywords. The foundation of SEO is about making yourself visible online wherever your audience can find you.

“S’ is for “search engine,” but one of my favorite phrases from the year is from Ashley Liddell, who said “search everywhere optimization,” and that is the perfect approach for the mindset needed to continue in the next level of SEO.

It might be TikTok, YouTube, Google, ChatGPT, or Reddit. Most likely, it’s a combination of all of these.

For the technical side of SEO, it’s fundamental that your pages can be accessed by all search engines and machines. For the content side of SEO, you need to be creating content experiences that can be cited by search engines and machines. And everyone should be thinking about the bottom line: Does this align with the defined business outcome for my client/brand/company? Show me the money.

One critical area I wouldn’t overlook is agentic AI and the development of closed systems completing actions for users. Think booking a holiday, personal shopping for a styled wardrobe, or buying your food shop based on a specific diet. When that happens, you need to ensure you are in the game and included in those closed spaces. Start learning about this now.

As the AI future is coming fast, get ready and go with it rather than resisting it. 2026 is the watershed where you need to get on board to stay in the game.

At Search Engine Journal, we showcase some of the best SEO minds in the industry, and in our usual tradition, we asked 20 of the best practicing SEO experts, including many of our contributors, “In 2026, what should SEOs focus on to maintain visibility and achieve measurable results?”

(Editor’s Note: The following are not in any order of preference and are displayed in the order of who responded first.)

How To Maintain Visibility Online In 2026

1. Be Mentioned In the Right Places

Kevin Indig, Growth Advisor

In 2026, visibility is the result of having the right content, engaging on the right channels, and being mentioned in the right places.

The right content is a mix of hyperlong-tail articles/landing pages tailored to your audience(s) and based on your unique positioning and data stories. People prompt 5x longer than they search on Google, so you want to be the best result for their specific context. LLMs also love fresh, unique datapoints, so you want to create research-driven content.

The right channels are Google, ChatGPT, Reddit, Quora, review sites, LinkedIn, and niche forums. Those are not just the most cited platforms in LLMs but also in Google Search. But being present here takes an engagement strategy rather than an SEO approach.

The right places to be mentioned are authoritative publishers and review sites in your industry. LLMs seem to rely heavily on mentions from other (relevant) sites, so you have to be present in context (surrounding words) that reflect your positioning and market position.

→ Read More: The Alpha Is Not LLM Monitoring

2. We Have To Do More Than Just Appease Google

Cindy Krum, CEO & Founder, MobileMoxie

We have to do more than just appease Google.

Now, to get visibility in all the places where it is needed, having a good website, with high-quality, indexable content, is table stakes; it is the bare minimum, and likely not enough.

For years, Google’s algorithm focused on using content and links to a site to evaluate that particular site, and rank it. AI search utilities and LLMs work very differently. They were designed to find a consensus and synthesize it, and they are looking across all the information that they have access to, to do it.

This means, if you are just relying on your website to create your visibility online, it will not be enough. There is no consensus and minimal synthesis from just one site.

Your branding message needs to be widely distributed across the web to create a consistent but discernibly unique branding message.

→ Read More: Google’s AI Search Journeys Are Reshaping SEO With Cindy Krum

3. Optimize For Systems That Read Like Machines

Duane Forrester, Founder and CEO, UnboundAnswers.com

In 2026, SEOs need to treat visibility as something earned through retrieval, not ranking.

Focus on how content is chunked, cited, and most importantly, trusted by AI systems.

Audit what gets surfaced inside chatbots and answer engines, not just in SERPs.

Build authority signals machines can verify: structured data, consistent sourcing, and entity clarity.

Use embeddings, vector search, and retrieval testing to understand how meaning (not keywords) drives exposure.

Replace “optimize for Google” with “optimize for systems that read like machines.” Your goal isn’t a blue link anymore. It’s being the trusted source those systems turn to when humans ask questions. Trust, in 2026, is paramount.

→ Read More: Ex-Microsoft SEO Pioneer On Why AI’s Biggest Threat To SEO Isn’t What You Think

4. Be Retrieved, Cited, And Trusted Wherever Users Search

Carolyn Shelby, Founder, CSHEL Search Strategies

In 2026, SEOs need to refocus on clarity, consistency, and comprehension.

Every channel that describes your brand – your site, feeds, listings, and profiles – must tell the same story, in the same words, in a way both humans *and machines* can understand. That means cleaning up fragmented site structures, removing “hidden” or toggle-buried information, and ensuring the important facts live on the page in visible text. (Note, I did not say Schema doesn’t matter, but I am saying that there are situations where the Schema that is in the JSON-LD is NOT being read, and for those times, it is important that you have valuable product specs and data ON the page, in visible text, and not hidden behind a tab or in a toggle.)

You won’t be penalized or hurt yourself in Google or Bing by *also* optimizing for the lowest-common-denominator crawlers – but you will lose out on that extra visibility if you ignore them. Build pages that are fast (LLMs have a short attention span), crawlable, and semantically clear. Make sure your product, pricing, and positioning statements are consistent across every surface.

The goal isn’t *just* to rank anymore (though ranking is still a necessary first step in most cases). It’s to be retrieved, cited, and trusted wherever users search – whether that’s Google, Bing, or an LLM.

→ Read More: Why AI Search Isn’t Overhyped & What To Focus On Right Now

5. Visibility Will Depend On Agentic Readiness

Andrea Volpini, Co-Founder and CEO, WordLift

In 2026, we are finally designing for the Reasoning Web, where agents will read, decide, and act on our behalf, and SEO becomes the discipline of making these systems effective. Visibility will depend on agentic readiness: clean structured data, stable identifiers, precise ontologies, and knowledge graphs that let agents resolve entities, compare offers, execute tasks, and learn from results.

This is a semantic shift: not simply about being “mentioned” in AI Overviews or ChatGPT, but about exposing products, content, and services as machine-operable assets through feeds, APIs, and tools that make agents smarter every time they interact with us.

The brands that let agents run the show, safely and verifiably, will own the next chapter of search.

→ Read More: How Structured Data Shapes AI Snippets And Extends Your Visibility Quota

6. Search And Product Are Intimately Connected

Ray Grieselhuber, Founder & CEO, DemandSphere

The most important thing, in our view, is understanding that AI search is ubiquitous now across three core experiences: SERPs, LLMs, and agentic experiences.

For the first two, SERPs and LLMs, there is a lot of overlap because they rely on a shared search index (Google in most cases), but the way in which the retrieval process works across these two experiences varies widely. This is why we are hearing that everyone’s No. 1 problem is getting good data, so spend time to make sure your monitoring and data pipelines are accurate and fine-tuned.

For the agentic experience, it’s still early but you should be thinking about how your product strategy will intersect with feeds and APIs (and new, related protocols like MCP). Search and product are intimately connected going forward, and the real ones will know that they always have been.

→ Read More: AI Platform Founder Explains Why We Need To Focus On Human Behavior, Not LLMs

7. Have A Relentless Focus On Being The Best

Barry Adams, Polemic Digital

Whatever you do, don’t lose your mind to the AI hype and try to radically reinvent your SEO efforts. Yes, it will be tougher to grow traffic and revenue from search, but too many SEOs have been coasting along and relying on Google’s own growth to fuel their figures. Now that clicks from Google have stagnated, you’ll need to be smarter about your SEO.

Spend less time and effort on “busywork,” those minor little things that don’t bring any measurable improvement to your traffic. Do the stuff that actually works. Don’t compromise on quality, have a relentless focus on being the best, and make sure you capitalize on your site’s strengths and eradicate its weaknesses.

Sites that are significantly suboptimal, either technically or editorially, will simply not succeed. You have to be all-in on search, without cutting corners and “that will do” concessions. Anything less than that and you will end up on the wrong side of the zero-sum game that Google search has become.

→ Read More: AI Survival Strategies For Publishers

8. Focus On Quality And Conversion Over The Quantity Of Content

Lily Ray, Vice President, SEO Strategy & Research, Amsive

For many years, I’ve answered this question with some version of “focusing on E-E-A-T,” and believe it or not, I think this answer *still* applies in 2026 with the rise of AI search.

Why? Because being mentioned in AI search is all about reputability, experience, and trust. The more your brand is well-known and well-respected in your industry, the more likely LLMs will be to cite you as a trusted and recommended brand. This requires earning mentions and positive reviews in all the places where it matters; having a well-known and well-respected team of individuals who contribute authentic, expert insights into the brand’s content, etc.

As homogenous, AI-generated content floods the internet, users will continue to want to follow real human creators engaged in honest and authentic conversations. Also, focus on the quality and conversion potential of content over the quantity of content, as the latter can cause major SEO headaches over time.

→ Read More: The Role Of E-E-A-T In AI Narratives: Building Brand Authority For Search Success

9. Maintain A Strong Focus On Retrieval Systems And Search Overall

Pedrio Dias, Technical SEO/AI Discoverability Consultant, Visively

I believe that, in the current scenario where a significant amount of new (AI) technologies have been introduced between users and how we interact with the web, and are currently being seen through a disruptive lens, it’s more important than ever to maintain objectivity and pragmatism in our approach to organic visibility as a whole, and search in particular. As professionals, we need to understand in depth the changes that we’re being faced with, both from a technical point of view, but also (and maybe more importantly) from a behavioral point of view.

It’s tempting to cling to old habits and metrics to chase around, instead of assessing if and how we need to rework our strategies and tactics. We’re currently being bombarded with an insane amount of tools claiming to “give you insights into AI answers” and promising that they can give you directional “data” – and in some cases even bold claims of outcomes – but we haven’t even started to understand if any kind of optimization can be performed on AI, or even if inference can be influenced in any controlled and desirable way. So far, everyone is mostly just poking around, guessing, and hoping.

So, that said, in 2026, I believe SEOs should maintain a strong focus on retrieval systems and search overall. Make sure your SEO strategy didn’t get stuck in 2005 and that you’re considering all areas that contribute to consistency in visibility, be it content, branding, technical, etc.

Above all, make sure your share-of-voice strategy is omnichannel and isn’t siloed. All this while keeping your curiosity sharp and your critical thinking aimed at questioning the inconsistencies, while being cautious with a dive-head-first approach.

Watch out for overpromising claims, outdated methodologies sitting on top of baseless assumptions, and vanity metrics.

→ Read More: AI Overviews – How Will They Impact The Industry? We Ask Pedro Dias

10. Remain Focused On What Drives Impact

Montserrat Cano, MC. International SEO & Digital Strategy

In 2026, SEOs and digital marketers need to combine a deep understanding of how AI platforms work with a strong knowledge of their user base across every market.

As search becomes more personalized, AI-driven, and fragmented, visibility may also depend on understanding local search behaviors, expectations, cultural nuances, and how audiences interact with SERP features and LLMs along the purchase path, often in different ways.

The real value comes from embedding this research into ongoing internal processes such as content planning, prioritization, and testing. This ensures teams remain focused on what drives impact, e.g., the queries and content formats that matter, and the AI experiences users actually engage with.

Grounding strategies in first-party data, current market insights, and continuous learning may protect visibility and help build sustainable growth. In 2026, this becomes a core capability for effective SEO and marketing strategy.

→ Read More: Why The Build Process Of Custom GPTs Matters More Than The Technology Itself

11. Review How Content Is Organized, Linked, And Surfaced

Alex Moss, Principal SEO, Yoast

Site speed, UX, and IA are obvious and constant, but structure is something that needs to be audited and improved in the coming months, as we now need to accommodate for both agents and humans. Review how content is organized, linked, and surfaced.

Schema is essential, where in 2026, they will be utilized more to understand entities and their relationships better, which in turn reduces possible hallucinogenic responses from agents.

Also concentrate on IA, query grouping, and internal linking. These strategies have existed for some time, but also need to be revisited if you haven’t done so recently.

For brand and offsite, shift from old-hat link acquisition and instead focus on brand sentiment through third-party perspectives, including native digital PR (unlinked brand mentions are welcome).

Finally, take advantage of multi-modal content – invest in imagery, video, and platforms beyond traditional search to increase discoverability.

→ Read More: The Same But Different: Evolving Your Strategy For AI-Driven Discovery

12. Focusing On Evaluating The Revenue Impact Of Your Strategies

Helen Pollitt, Head of SEO, Getty Images

In 2026, SEOs should be focusing on evaluating the revenue impact of their strategies. Too often, SEOs fall into the trap of trying to optimize for traffic or following the newest advice or fancy tactic.

In reality, the most effective SEO strategies are those that are constantly driving towards revenue or other commercial goals. Keeping this premise front and center to your SEO strategies in 2026 will ensure you don’t get sidetracked by the latest SEO fad rather than working on a plan that drives genuine value to your business.

This means setting out your priorities based on their likeliness of success, and their revenue-generating potential. This simple calculation can help you to identify which projects or activities are worth focusing on in 2026. You will be able to identify if the latest “reverse-meta-optimization-deindexing” fad, or whatever it ends up being, is really worth your budget and resources to pursue.”

→ Read More: Ask An SEO: How Can You Distinguish Yourself In This Era Of AI Search Engines?

13. Treat The Website Like An Enterprise System

Bill Hunt, Global Strategist with Bisan Digital

In 2026, SEOs must stop optimizing solely for pages and singular phrases and start optimizing for topical understanding.

AI-driven search systems are no longer ranking documents but evaluating entities, synthesizing answers, and choosing which brands they trust enough to cite. Visibility now depends on three things: clean, authoritative data; deep topical coverage; and systems that make your content easy to retrieve, understand, and reuse. If your site architecture, structured data, and feeds aren’t aligned to these eligibility gates, you’re invisible before the ranking discussion even begins.

The SEOs who will win in 2026 are the ones who treat the website like an enterprise system, not a collection of pages. That means building durable information architecture, improving data reliability, collaborating with product and engineering teams, and creating content designed for synthesis across formats – not just the blue link.

If you’re not strengthening your site’s underlying information integrity and cross-functional alignment, you’re not competing in the new search environment; you’re just publishing.

→ Read More: Industry Pioneer Reveals Why SEO Isn’t Working & What To Refocus On

14. Develop A Distributed Revenue Strategy

John Shehata, CEO & Founder, NewzDash

In 2026, Brand Authority takes the front seat, replacing traffic volume as the primary metric. AI platforms prioritize trusted entities, so you must prove you are one. SEOs need a dual-speed strategy: a short-term strategy that maximizes today’s Google reality, and a long-term plan for a world where traffic and attention are more fragmented.

In the short term, Google is still the primary traffic driver, so optimize for multi-surface and multi-modal visibility. That means targeting AI Overviews, Discover, Top Stories, video, and short-form reels, not just traditional text results.

Convert every visitor into a direct connection through email, apps, and own communities. At the same time, double down on entity and topic authority, publish useful and unique content that is hard for AI to replicate, such as strong opinion, investigative work, and proprietary data, and strengthen technical SEO, structured data, and answer-ready formatting.

Long-term: Prepare for a post-click reality. Develop a distributed revenue strategy driven by a creator network that monetizes attention directly on social platforms and AI interfaces, accepting that success means revenue generated off-site, not just on your domain.

→ Read More: Google Discover, AI Mode, And What It Means For Publishers: Interview With John Shehata

15. Really Focus On Your Audience

Harry Clarkson-Bennett, SEO Director, The Telegraph

This is very brand and customer-dependent. My best advice is to really focus on your audience. Speak to them. Understand the impact SEO should have vs the impact it currently has. There may still be easy wins on the table. Don’t neglect it.

If you use a last click attribution system, I suspect SEO is over-valued. Work with your analytics team to trial multi-touch attribution and try to figure out the value of each channel. Then work with your PPC, social, and newsletter teams to create a proper marketing and acquisition strategy. Build your owned channels. Improve your blended CPA and solve real business problems.

This is the year you manage up more effectively and stop silo-ing channels and people. Make SEO Great Again.

→ Read More: The Impact AI Is Having On The Marketing Ecosystem

16. Transform Metrics Into Strategic Levers

Motoko Hunt, International SEO Consultant, AJPR

Audit and evolve your measurement framework. Many organizations track extensive data points without translating insights into actionable optimization strategies. The key differentiation lies not in data collection, but in strategic application.

Adapt your metrics architecture for the fragmented SERP landscape. With AI Overviews, featured snippets, and expanding SERP features fragmenting traditional organic visibility, implement granular tracking that isolates performance by SERP element. This segmentation reveals where you’re capturing attention and, more critically, where competitors are intercepting traffic before users reach your listings.

Balance emerging channels with revenue-driving fundamentals. AI search warrants monitoring – track share of voice in AI-generated responses and assess brand mention quality. However, at current adoption rates, AI search primarily serves upper-funnel awareness objectives. Your core optimization efforts should remain anchored to proven conversion pathways: traditional organic search, site experience optimization, and technical excellence that drives qualified traffic and revenue.

Transform metrics into strategic levers. Don’t just report CTR decline from position 3 to 5 – quantify the revenue impact, and identify the ranking factors at play. Connect performance gaps directly to business outcomes, then prioritize initiatives that close those gaps with the highest ROI potential.

→ Read More: Effective SEO Organizational Structure For A Global Company

17. Be Aware Of Falsehoods Which Will Continue To Circulate

Dawn Anderson, International SEO Consultant, Bertey

In 2026, SEOs should accept that we continue to have a steeper-than-ordinary SEO learning curve ahead of us. How AI is going to fully impact our industry over time continues to be largely an educated guessing game.

LLMs and agentic search provide a considerable opportunity, but it is important to not simply presume producing copy and paste AI LLM slop will make the cut for performative SEO in 2026, since this is a degenerative downward quality spiral. Instead, we must prioritize adding more authentic value beyond the norm, standing head and shoulders above competitors, and using AI predominantly for efficiency and ideation kick starting, along with prototype generation and concept testing.

Building increasingly robust reputation and authority through quality and connections should remain firmly a key priority. Particularly as the general consensus of opinion in verticals will continue to build via accumulative LLM extractions, shaping competitive narratives.

We should also be aware of falsehoods, which will continue to circulate in the vacuum of genuine knowledge that these severe industry changes create.  Don’t end up going down the wrong paths which may be very difficult to return from in the short to medium term.

→ Read More: Building Trust In The AI Era: Content Marketing Ethics And Transparency

18. Understand The User And How They Make Decisions

Giulia Panozzo, Founder, Neuroscientive

I believe that our key to achieving measurable results in 2026 is looking beyond the tactics and the new shiny tools: we need to get back to basics and really understand the user, their motivations, their frustrations, and mostly how they make decisions.

When customers decide to engage with a brand, a product, or a service, they do so by leveraging a number of micro-decisions that have very little to do with our marketing tactics and a lot more to do with their expectations and needs, their personal experiences, and the perception they have about us. A lot of those choices are made subconsciously, before they are even aware of them – and as a result, they are not visible by looking at traditional metrics.

So, focus on the bigger picture by working cross-functionally to understand not only how people get to your site, but what underlying needs and expectations they have by leveraging social listening, CX logs, and on-site behavioral metrics that will inform what they need to see and engage with before they even click on your result on the SERP.

→ Read More: The Behavioral Data You Need To Improve Your Users’ Search Journey

19. Find Ways To Differentiate Yourself From The Noise

Alli Berry, SEO Director, Marketwise

Looking into 2026 and beyond, I think SEOs need to be focused heavily on digital PR efforts and getting brand mentions and links from influential sites and people. I think we’re going to hit a point where what others say about your brand is going to have more weight than what you say about your own brand.

We’re already starting to see that with Reddit and forums, and as LLMs gain more traction, that is only becoming a more important factor in gaining visibility.

I’d also be focused on finding unique content angles that can’t be easily replicated by AI. Whether it’s telling customer stories or doing primary research, you’re going to need to find ways to differentiate yourself from the noise.

→ Read More: How To Get Brand Mentions In Generative AI

20. Have Influence Where Your Audience Is

Shelley Walsh, Managing Editor, Search Engine Journal & IMHO

During times of significant flux, go to the fundamentals and hold on: Know where your audience is finding its trusted information and have influence in those spaces.

If you embrace this core maxim, it will guide you through all the changes that Google, discovery engines, LLMs, and whatever comes next can throw at you.

However, don’t overlook the significant changes happening with technology that do influence the channels through which audiences can find us. Also, pay attention to how agentic SEO is developing so that you can consider now how you could apply it to your niche.

Don’t get caught up in pointless arguments over nomenclature or caught up in hype cycles chasing distractions. Keep focusing on what a user wants and applying your brand presence and message where they can see it. Everyone is running around like the sky is falling, but it’s all just SEO.

→ Read More: Google’s Old Search Era Is Over – Here’s What 2026 SEO Will Really Look Like

SEO In 2026

What most of our experts are saying is that what is changing is not so much the how, but the where.

Search is happening everywhere, and you need to ensure your brand narrative is accessible and consistent across all the channels where your audience is.

However, that means being mentioned in the right places, and constantly asking: “Does this move the needle for revenue, or is it just more noise?

The future of search is being built in real time, so make sure you’re not just watching it happen, but actively shaping how your brand shows up in it.

More Resources:


Featured Image: Paulo Bobita/Search Engine Journal

Why Your AI Agent Keeps ‘Hallucinating’ (Hint: It’s Your Data, Not The AI) via @sejournal, @purnavirji

If it looks like an AI hallucination problem, and sounds like an AI hallucination problem, it’s probably a data hygiene problem.

I’ve sat through dozens of demos this year where marketing leaders show me their shiny new AI agent, ask it a basic question, and watch it confidently spit out information that’s either outdated, conflicting, or flat-out wrong.

The immediate reaction is to blame the AI: “Oh, sorry the AI hallucinated. Let’s try something different.”

But was it really the AI hallucinating?

Don’t shoot the messenger, as the saying goes. While the AI is the messenger bringing you what looks like inaccurate data or hallucination, it’s really sending a deeper message: Your data is a mess.

The AI is simply reflecting that mess back to you at scale.

The Data Crisis Hiding Behind “AI Hallucinations”

An Adverity study found that 45% of marketing data is inaccurate.

Almost half of the data feeding your AI systems, your reporting dashboards, and your strategic decisions is wrong. And we wonder why AI agents give vague answers, contradict themselves, or pull messaging that no one’s used since 2022.

Here’s what I see in nearly every enterprise:

  • Three teams operating with three different definitions of ideal customer profile (ICP).
  • Marketing defines “conversion” one way, sales defines it another.
  • Buyer data scattered across six systems that barely acknowledge each other’s existence.
  • A battlecard last updated in 2019 still floating around, treated like gospel by your AI agent.

When your foundational data argues with itself, AI doesn’t know which version to believe. So it picks one. Sometimes correctly. Often not.

Why Clean Data Matters More Than Smart AI

AI isn’t magic. It reflects whatever you feed it: the good, the bad, and the three-years-outdated.

Everyone wants the “build an agent” sexy moment. The product demo that has everyone applauding. The efficiency gains that guarantee a great review, heck, maybe even a raise.

But the thing that makes AI useful is the boring, unsexy, foundational work of data discipline.

I’ve watched companies spend six figures on AI infrastructure while their product catalog still has duplicate entries from a 2021 migration. I’ve seen sales teams adopt AI coaching tools while their CRM defines “qualified lead” three different ways depending on which region you ask.

The AI works exactly as designed. The problem is what it’s designed to work with.

If your system is messy, AI can’t clean it up (at least, not yet). It amplifies the mess at scale, across every interaction. As much as we would like for it to, even the sexiest AI model in the world won’t save you if your data foundation is broken.

The Real Cost Of Bad Data Hygiene

When your data is inaccurate, inconsistent, or outdated, mistakes are inevitable. These can get risky quickly, especially if they negatively impact customer experience or revenue.

Here’s what that looks like in practice:

Your sales agent gives prospects pricing that changed six months ago because nobody updated the product sheet it’s trained on.

Your content generation tool pulls brand messaging from 2020 because the 2026 messaging framework lives in a deck on someone’s desktop.

Your lead scoring AI uses ICP criteria that marketing and sales never agreed on, so you’re nurturing the wrong prospects while ignoring the right ones.

Your sales enablement agent recommends a case study for a product you discontinued last quarter because nobody archived the old collateral.

This is happening every single week in enterprises that have invested millions in AI transformation. And most teams don’t even realize it until a customer or prospect points it out.

Where To Start: 5 Steps To Fix Your Data Foundation

The good news: You don’t need a massive transformation initiative to fix this. You need discipline and ownership.

1. Audit What Your AI Can Actually See

Before you can fix your data problem, you need to understand its scope.

Pull every document, spreadsheet, presentation, and database your AI systems have access to. Don’t assume. Actually look.

You’ll more than likely find:

  • Conflicting ICP definitions across departments.
  • Outdated pricing from previous years.
  • Messaging from three rebrand cycles ago.
  • Competitive intel that no longer reflects market reality.
  • Case studies for products you no longer sell.

Retire what’s wrong. Update what’s salvageable. Be ruthless about what stays and what goes.

2. Create One Source Of Truth

This is non-negotiable. Pick one system for every definition that matters to your business:

  • ICP criteria.
  • Conversion stage definitions.
  • Territory assignments.
  • Product positioning.
  • Competitive differentiators.

Everyone pulls from it. No exceptions. No “but our team does it differently.”

When marketing and sales use different definitions, your AI can’t arbitrate. It picks one randomly. Sometimes it picks both and contradicts itself across interactions.

One source of truth eliminates that chaos.

3. Set Expiration Dates For Everything

Every asset your AI can access should have a “valid until” date.

Battlecards. Case studies. Competitive intelligence. Messaging frameworks. Product specs.

When it expires, it automatically disappears from AI access. No manual cleanup required. No hoping someone remembers to archive old content.

Stale data is worse than no data. At least with no data, your AI admits it doesn’t know. With stale data, it confidently delivers wrong information.

4. Test What Your AI Actually Knows

Don’t assume your AI is working correctly. Test it.

Ask basic questions:

  • “What’s our ICP?”
  • “How do we define a qualified lead?”
  • “What’s our current pricing for [product]?”
  • “What differentiates us from [competitor]?”

If the answers conflict with what you know is true, you just found your data hygiene problem.

Run these tests monthly. Your business changes. Your data should change with it.

5. Assign Someone To Own It

Data discipline without ownership is a Slack thread that goes nowhere.

One person needs to be explicitly responsible for maintaining your source of truth. Not as an “additional responsibility.” As a core part of their role.

This person:

  • Reviews and approves all updates to the source of truth.
  • Sets and enforces expiration dates for assets.
  • Runs monthly audits of what AI can access.
  • Coordinates with teams to retire outdated content.
  • Reports on data quality metrics.

Without ownership, your data hygiene initiative dies in three months when everyone gets busy with other priorities.

The Bottom Line: Foundation Before Flash

If you don’t fix the mess, AI will scale the mess.

Deploying powerful AI on top of chaotic data is at best inefficient, but at worst, it can actively damage your brand, your customer relationships, and your competitive position.

You can have the most sophisticated AI model in the world. The best prompts. The most expensive infrastructure. None of it matters if you’re feeding it garbage. It takes a disciplined foundation to make it work.

It’s like seeing someone with perfectly white teeth and thinking they just got lucky. What you don’t see is the daily flossing, the regular dental cleanings, the discipline of avoiding sugar and brushing twice a day for years.

Or watching an Olympic athlete make a performance look effortless. You’re not seeing the 5 a.m. training sessions, the strict diet, the thousands of hours of practice that nobody applauds.

The same applies to AI.

To get real value and ROI from AI, start with setting it up for success with the right data foundation. Yes, it might not be the most glamorous or exciting work. But it is what makes the glamorous and exciting possible.

Remember, your AI isn’t hallucinating. It’s telling you exactly what your data looks like.

The question is: Are you ready to fix it?

More Resources:


Featured Image: BestForBest/Shutterstock

WooCommerce Is Integrating Agentic AI Capabilities via @sejournal, @martinibuster

WooCommerce announced that it will roll out integration with Stripe’s Agentic Commerce Suite, which will enable AI shopping assistants to conduct transactions.

Agentic AI Shopping

Agentic AI seems a long way off but OpenAI currently supports end-to-end shopping from the discovery and comparison stages to completing purchases. With the rollout in WooCommerce the infrastructure will be in place to enable over four million stores to be accept product browsing and payments through AI agents.

Stripe Agentic Commerce Suite

Stripe’s Agentic Commerce Suite uses the Agentic Commerce Protocol (ACP), an open source protocol jointly created by Stripe and OpenAI. ACP is model agnostic and does not lock in users to any particular payment provider.

ACP is compatible with the Model Context Protocol (MCP) which was created by Anthropic initially for connecting AI models to external data. The significance is that MCP enables models to call APIs, retrieve data, and perform actions.

According to the official WooCommerce announcement:

“WooCommerce is proud to be a launch partner. Woo merchants will be among the first to benefit when Agentic Commerce Suite rolls out in the coming months.

This is a significant moment for WooCommerce merchants. Instead of building custom integrations for every new AI shopping assistant or platform, you’ll be able to connect your product catalog once and reach customers shopping through whichever AI agent they prefer. Stripe handles discovery, checkout, payments, and fraud protection, while you continue using your existing WooCommerce + Stripe stack.”

This represents a step toward putting the necessary infrastructure in place to enable consumers to interact with AI as part of a new shopping experience. The very near future may see a dramatic change in shopping habits, something SEOs and merchants will have to consider.

Featured Image by Shutterstock/TarikVision

AI Favors Ecommerce Giants — for Now

Artificial intelligence has seemingly raised the barriers to ecommerce success.

The industry has long been a David-and-Goliath tale. In theory, anyone with a product and an internet connection could compete with retail giants.

AI arguably reinforces this underdog story. The tools are certainly accessible. Generative AI has dramatically lowered the cost of producing content such as product descriptions, articles, images, and videos. AI seemingly makes small businesses more competitive.

Generative AI makes creating content fast and easy. For example, Nano Banana Pro generated this image.

AI Divide

But what if AI is creating a divide?

AI is universally available, but does every business have the ability to employ it?

On the one hand, there are enterprises and digital-native retail and direct-to-consumer giants that use AI for supply chain forecasting, dynamic pricing, and other essential tasks. With money and engineering talent, these merchants are creating a reinforcing efficiency loop. Some have direct relationships with OpenAI, Perplexity, and Google for AI shopping integrations and data access.

On the other hand, imagine an entrepreneur launching an ecommerce shop from her garage. She lacks the infrastructure and expertise to deploy AI at scale.

The divide is already visible in how AI shapes discovery, relevance, and shopping behavior.

Zero-Clicks

AI-driven “zero-click” search may be the most immediate threat for small-to-midsize ecommerce businesses.

Until recently, search results sent users to websites. Long-tail discovery — “best hiking boots for wide feet,” for example — was often a lifeline for SMBs.

A well-written buying guide or blog post could rank, attract readers, build trust, and generate sales.

AI has broken that model. Google’s AI Overviews and emerging genAI platforms answer product questions directly on the results page. Summarized recommendations, feature lists, and comparisons don’t require a click.

Invisibility

Worse still, when recommending products, AI models rely on “trusted” sources, with indicators such as domain age, traffic history, structured data, reviews, and brand mentions across the web.

Large retailers have mastered these inputs for years. They operate teams dedicated to Schema.org markup, catalog hygiene, and feed optimization. The result is relatively cleaner, richer signals that AI systems treat as authoritative.

An SMB may produce excellent content or even have a superior product, but remain invisible.

That merchant could once rank on page one for a narrow niche query if competition was light. AI answers eliminate that opportunity. If it doesn’t “see” the new site, the model never recommends it.

This invisibility is structural, not punitive. AI search rewards incumbents whose data footprints already saturate the web. Put another way, the advantages enterprise retailers have long enjoyed in organic search are magnified in large language models.

Agentic Shopping

A second shift is emerging as AI agents participate in the buying process. Agentic commerce refers to systems that search, compare, evaluate, and even purchase products on behalf of users.

Major AI firms are piloting these capabilities and partnerships.

Large retailers and marketplaces have formed direct integrations. Some enterprise merchants provide verified product data to OpenAI for shopping recommendations. Others collaborate with Perplexity to enrich AI answers with structured product feeds.

Amazon and Walmart each have internal AI agents that evaluate catalog content and surface products across their owned channels.

Such integrations give enterprise retailers a privileged position in agentic commerce. Their data is clean, complete, and constantly refreshed. Their catalogs include millions of SKUs. Their fulfillment networks provide real-time availability.

SMBs

Yet traditional organic search has not always ranked ecommerce SMBs. Marketplaces, social media, affiliates, and even direct mail have long been more productive for many sellers. Small-budget advertising remains accessible via Google, Bing, Amazon, Walmart, Meta, and, soon, the LLMs themselves, none of which are remotely profitable.

Look for SMB heavyweights such as Shopify, Etsy, Stripe, and PayPal to continue collaboration efforts with the genAI platforms. Already, providers such as ReFiBuy and others offer generative engine optimization services — GEO — recognizing the opportunity to serve smaller companies.

The internet was once deemed a threat to independent stores. That didn’t happen. David has beaten Goliath before.

Expanded carrier screening: Is it worth it?

This week I’ve been thinking about babies. Healthy ones. Perfect ones. As you may have read last week, my colleague Antonio Regalado came face to face with a marketing campaign in the New York subway asking people to “have your best baby.”

The company behind that campaign, Nucleus Genomics, says it offers customers a way to select embryos for a range of traits, including height and IQ. It’s an extreme proposition, but it does seem to be growing in popularity—potentially even in the UK, where it’s illegal.

The other end of the screening spectrum is transforming too. Carrier screening, which tests would-be parents for hidden genetic mutations that might affect their children, initially involved testing for specific genes in at-risk populations.

Now, it’s open to almost everyone who can afford it. Companies will offer to test for hundreds of genes to help people make informed decisions when they try to become parents. But expanded carrier screening comes with downsides. And it isn’t for everyone.

That’s what I found earlier this week when I attended the Progress Educational Trust’s annual conference in London.

First, a bit of background. Our cells carry 23 pairs of chromosomes, each with thousands of genes. The same gene—say, one that codes for eye color—can come in different forms, or alleles. If the allele is dominant, you only need one copy to express that trait. That’s the case for the allele responsible for brown eyes. 

If the allele is recessive, the trait doesn’t show up unless you have two copies. This is the case with the allele responsible for blue eyes, for example.

Things get more serious when we consider genes that can affect a person’s risk of disease. Having a single recessive disease-causing gene typically won’t cause you any problems. But a genetic disease could show up in children who inherit the same recessive gene from both parents. There’s a 25% chance that two “carriers” will have an affected child. And those cases can come as a shock to the parents, who tend to have no symptoms and no family history of disease.

This can be especially problematic in communities with high rates of those alleles. Consider Tay-Sachs disease—a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a recessive genetic mutation. Around one in 25 members of the Ashkenazi Jewish population is a healthy carrier for Tay-Sachs. Screening would-be parents for those recessive genes can be helpful. Carrier screening efforts in the Jewish community, which have been running since the 1970s, have massively reduced cases of Tay-Sachs.

Expanded carrier screening takes things further. Instead of screening for certain high-risk alleles in at-risk populations, there’s an option to test for a wide array of diseases in prospective parents and egg and sperm donors. The companies offering these screens “started out with 100 genes, and now some of them go up to 2,000,” Sara Levene, genetics counsellor at Guided Genetics, said at the meeting. “It’s becoming a bit of an arms race amongst labs, to be honest.”

There are benefits to expanded carrier screening. In most cases, the results are reassuring. And if something is flagged, prospective parents have options; they can often opt for additional testing to get more information about a particular pregnancy, for example, or choose to use other donor eggs or sperm to get pregnant. But there are also downsides. For a start, the tests can’t entirely rule out the risk of genetic disease.

Earlier this week, the BBC reported news of a sperm donor who had unwittingly passed on to at least 197 children in Europe a genetic mutation that dramatically increased the risk of cancer. Some of those children have already died.

It’s a tragic case. That donor had passed screening checks. The (dominant) mutation appears to have occurred in his testes, affecting around 20% of his sperm. It wouldn’t have shown up in a screen for recessive alleles, or even a blood test.

Even recessive diseases can be influenced by many genes, some of which won’t be included in the screen. And the screens don’t account for other factors that could influence a person’s risk of disease, such as epigenetics, microbiome, or even lifestyle.

“There’s always a 3% to 4% chance [of having] a child with a medical issue regardless of the screening performed,” said Jackson Kirkman-Brown, professor of reproductive biology at the University of Birmingham, at the meeting.

The tests can also cause stress. As soon as a clinician even mentions expanded carrier screening, it adds to the mental load of the patient, said Kirkman-Brown: “We’re saying this is another piece of information you need to worry about.”

People can also feel pressured to undergo expanded carrier screening even when they are ambivalent about it, said Heidi Mertes, a medical ethicist at Ghent University. “Once the technology is there, people feel like if they don’t take this opportunity up, then they are kind of doing something wrong or missing out,” she said.

My takeaway from the presentations was that while expanded carrier screening can be useful, especially for people from populations with known genetic risks, it won’t be for everyone.

I also worry that, as with the genetic tests offered by Nucleus, its availability gives the impression that it is possible to have a “perfect” baby—even if that only means “free from disease.” The truth is that there’s a lot about reproduction that we can’t control.

The decision to undergo expanded carrier screening is a personal choice. But as Mertes noted at the meeting: “Just because you can doesn’t mean you should.”

This article first appeared in The Checkup, MIT Technology Review’s weekly biotech newsletter. To receive it in your inbox every Thursday, and read articles like this first, sign up here.

Southeast Asia seeks its place in space
thailand highlighted on a globe
__________________________
Thai Space Expo
October 16-18, 2025
___
Bangkok, Thailand

It’s a scorching October day in Bangkok and I’m wandering through the exhibits at the Thai Space Expo, held in one of the city’s busiest shopping malls, when I do a double take. Amid the flashy space suits and model rockets on display, there’s a plain-looking package of Thai basil chicken. I’m told the same kind of vacuum-­sealed package has just been launched to the International Space Station.

“This is real chicken that we sent to space,” says a spokesperson for the business behind the stunt, Charoen Pokphand Foods, the biggest food company in Thailand.

It’s an unexpected sight, one that reflects the growing excitement within the Southeast Asian space sector. At the expo, held among designer shops and street-food stalls, enthusiastic attendees have converged from emerging space nations such as Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, and of course Thailand to showcase Southeast Asia’s fledgling space industry.

While there is some uncertainty about how exactly the region’s space sector may evolve, there is plenty of optimism, too. “Southeast Asia is perfectly positioned to take leadership as a space hub,” says Candace Johnson, a partner in Seraphim Space, a UK investment firm that operates in Singapore. “There are a lot of opportunities.”

A sample package of pad krapow was also on display.
COURTESY OF THE AUTHOR

For example, Thailand may build a spaceport to launch rockets in the next few years, the country’s Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency announced the day before the expo started. “We don’t have a spaceport in Southeast Asia,” says Atipat Wattanuntachai, acting head of the space economy advancement division at the agency. “We saw a gap.” Because Thailand is so close to the equator, those rockets would get an additional boost from Earth’s rotation.

All kinds of companies here are exploring how they might tap into the global space economy. VegaCosmos, a startup based in Hanoi, Vietnam, is looking at ways to use satellite data for urban planning. The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand is monitoring rainstorms from space to predict landslides. And the startup Spacemap, from Seoul, South Korea, is developing a new tool to better track satellites in orbit, which the US Space Force has invested in.

It’s the space chicken that caught my eye, though, perhaps because it reflects the juxtaposition of tradition and modernity seen across Bangkok, a city of ancient temples nestled next to glittering skyscrapers.

In June, astronauts on the space station were treated to this popular dish, known as pad krapow. It’s more commonly served up by street vendors, but this time it was delivered on a private mission operated by the US-based company Axiom Space. Charoen Pokphand is now using the stunt to say its chicken is good enough for NASA (sadly, I wasn’t able to taste it to weigh in).

Other Southeast Asian industries could also lend expertise to future space missions. Johnson says the region could leverage its manufacturing prowess to develop better semiconductors for satellites, for example, or break into the in-space manufacturing market.

I left the expo on a Thai longboat down the Chao Phraya River that weaves through Bangkok, with visions of astronauts tucking into some pad krapow in my head and imagining what might come next.

Jonathan O’Callaghan is a freelance space journalist based in Bangkok who covers commercial spaceflight, astrophysics, and space exploration.

The Download: expanded carrier screening, and how Southeast Asia plans to get to space

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.

Expanded carrier screening: Is it worth it?

Carrier screening  tests would-be parents for hidden genetic mutations that might affect their children. It initially involved testing for specific genes in at-risk populations.

Expanded carrier screening takes things further, giving would-be parents an option to test for a wide array of diseases in prospective parents and egg and sperm donors.

The companies offering these screens “started out with 100 genes, and now some of them go up to 2,000,” Sara Levene, genetics counsellor at Guided Genetics, said at a meeting I attended this week. “It’s becoming a bit of an arms race amongst labs, to be honest.”

But expanded carrier screening comes with downsides. And it isn’t for everyone. Read the full story.

—Jessica Hamzelou

This article first appeared in The Checkup, MIT Technology Review’s weekly biotech newsletter. To receive it in your inbox every Thursday, and read articles like this first, sign up here.

Southeast Asia seeks its place in space

It’s a scorching October day in Bangkok and I’m wandering through the exhibits at the Thai Space Expo, held in one of the city’s busiest shopping malls, when I do a double take. Amid the flashy space suits and model rockets on display, there’s a plain-looking package of Thai basil chicken. I’m told the same kind of vacuum-­sealed package has just been launched to the International Space Station.

It’s an unexpected sight, one that reflects the growing excitement within the Southeast Asian space sector. And while there is some uncertainty about how exactly the region’s space sector may evolve, there is plenty of optimism, too. Read the full story.

—Jonathan O’Callaghan

This story is from the next print issue of MIT Technology Review magazine. If you haven’t already, subscribe now to receive future issues once they land.

The must-reads

I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology.

1 Disney just signed a major deal with OpenAI
Meaning you’ll soon be able to create Sora clips starring 200 Marvel, Pixel and Star Wars characters. (Hollywood Reporter $)
+ Disney used to be openly skeptical of AI. What changed? (WSJ $)
+ It’s not feeling quite so friendly towards Google, however. (Ars Technica)
+ Expect a load of AI slop making its way to Disney Plus. (The Verge)

2 Donald Trump has blocked US states from enforcing their own AI rules
But technically, only Congress has the power to override state laws. (NYT $)
+ A new task force will seek out states with “inconsistent” AI rules. (Engadget)
+ The move is particularly bad news for California. (The Markup)

3 Reddit is challenging Australia’s social media ban for teens
It’s arguing that the ban infringes on their freedom of political communication. (Bloomberg $)
+ We’re learning more about the mysterious machinations of the teenage brain. (Vox)

4 ChatGPT’s “adult mode” is due to launch early next year
But OpenAI admits it needs to improve its age estimation tech first. (The Verge)
+ It’s pretty easy to get DeepSeek to talk dirty. (MIT Technology Review)

5 The death of Running Tide’s carbon removal dream
The company’s demise is a wake-up call to others dabbling in experimental tech. (Wired $)
+ We first wrote about Running Tide’s issues back in 2022. (MIT Technology Review)
+ What’s next for carbon removal? (MIT Technology Review)

6 That dirty-talking AI teddy bear wasn’t a one-off
It turns out that a wide range of LLM-powered toys aren’t suitable for children. (NBC News)
+ AI toys are all the rage in China—and now they’re appearing on shelves in the US too. (MIT Technology Review)

7 These are the cheapest places to create a fake online account
For a few cents, scammers can easily set up bots. (FT $)

8 How professors are attempting to AI-proof exams
ChatGPT won’t help you cut corners to ace an oral examination. (WP $)

9 Can a font be woke?
Marco Rubio seems to think so. (The Atlantic $)

10 Next year is all about maximalist circus decor 🎪
That’s according to Pinterest’s trend predictions for 2026. (The Guardian)

Quote of the day

 “Trump is delivering exactly what his billionaire benefactors demanded—all at the expense of our kids, our communities, our workers, and our planet.” 

—Senator Ed Markey criticizes Donald Trump’s decision to sign an order cracking down on US states’ ability to self-regulate AI, the Wall Street Journal reports.

One more thing

Taiwan’s “silicon shield” could be weakening

Taiwanese politics increasingly revolves around one crucial question: Will China invade? China’s ruling party has wanted to seize Taiwan for more than half a century. But in recent years, China’s leader, Xi Jinping, has placed greater emphasis on the idea of “taking back” the island (which the Chinese Communist Party, or CCP, has never controlled).

Many in Taiwan and elsewhere think one major deterrent has to do with the island’s critical role in semiconductor manufacturing. Taiwan produces the majority of the world’s semiconductors and more than 90% of the most advanced chips needed for AI applications.

But now some Taiwan specialists and some of the island’s citi­zens are worried that this “silicon shield,” if it ever existed, is cracking. Read the full story.

—Johanna M. Costigan

We can still have nice things

A place for comfort, fun and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line or skeet ’em at me.)

+ Reasons to be cheerful: people are actually nicer than we think they are.
+ This year’s Krampus Run in Whitby—the Yorkshire town that inspired Bram Stoker’s Dracula—looks delightfully spooky.
+ How to find the magic in that most mundane of locations: the airport.
+ The happiest of birthdays to Dionne Warwick, who turns 85 today.

Expat Money CEO on Moving Abroad

In “How to Leave the U.S.A.,” the venerable New Yorker magazine recently addressed what many residents have apparently considered.

Yet Mikkel Thorup has lived outside of his native Canada for 25 years. He’s visited 120 countries and resided in nine of them. His business, Expat Money, helps others do the same while protecting assets and lifestyle.

Why relocate overseas? What are the risks and the rewards? Mikkel answered those questions and more in our recent conversation.

Our entire audio is embedded below. The transcript is edited for clarity and length.

Eric Bandholz: What do you do?

Mikkel Thorup: I am the founder and CEO of Expat Money, a consulting firm that helps people relocate to a foreign country. We focus on international tax planning, immigration, foreign investment, and global structuring, as well as the lifestyle adjustments that come with living abroad.

I’ve been an expatriate for 25 years, visited 120 countries, lived in nine, and circled the globe many times. My family, business, and hobbies are all international. I love the work and am excited to talk about it.

I was born and raised in Canada, which does not impose worldwide taxation. Once you leave and cut ties with the Canada Revenue Agency, you’re free to live abroad without ongoing tax obligations.

For Americans, it’s very different. The IRS levies taxes based on citizenship, not residency. No matter where you live or how long you’re gone, the IRS wants a portion of every dollar you earn. Only two countries tax this way: the United States and Eritrea, a small African nation.

Americans can sometimes avoid tax if they earn below standard thresholds, but anyone with meaningful income — whether living in the U.S. or abroad — remains subject to the IRS.

Renouncing citizenship is an option if you want to end all U.S. reporting requirements, but it’s a deeply personal decision and not something I generally recommend. Some people choose it, and we assist clients with the process, but most of our work does not require giving up citizenship.

We help Americans move overseas all the time, and there are legal tools that can significantly reduce their tax burden. I’m not giving individual tax advice here, but there are viable strategies available. Still, at higher wealth levels, those tools eventually hit limits, so it’s important to understand what’s possible.

Everything we do follows the law. My goal is to help people gain more freedom, not less, and that means full compliance with the IRS, U.S. Treasury, and all reporting rules. I have no interest in ending up in an orange jumpsuit, and I don’t want that for clients either.

Bandholz: Do people come to you mainly for freedom or to reduce obligations?

Thorup: Most clients want a “Plan B,” an economic backup. They’re productive people, typically in two groups: about half are highly paid professionals such as doctors, lawyers, and accountants, and the other half are business owners or entrepreneurs, such as consultants and Amazon sellers.

For many, the goal is preparing an exit option in case things get bad enough that they want to leave. Others feel things are already bad and choose to relocate now, often to the Caribbean or Latin America for more freedom, lower taxes, safer communities, and better weather. When they make that move, opportunities open up quickly.

But leaving isn’t required. Plenty stay in the U.S., Canada, the U.K., or elsewhere while setting up offshore components — bank accounts, property, company structures, or residency options. Others go all-in and decide to work from a beach somewhere. My job is to create those legal, compliant structures so they have choices, whether they stay or go.

Around 90% of my clients are from the U.S. and Canada; the remaining 10% are mainly from Europe or Australia. Latin America and the Caribbean are the top destinations because that’s where people often find the most freedom — pro-business, low taxes, and governments that welcome foreign investment.

Eric Bandholz: How can someone protect assets if a government freezes accounts?

Thorup: Bitcoin is one tool — specifically, self-custody Bitcoin, not coins held on exchanges such as Kraken or Binance. If you don’t control the keys, you don’t control the coins. I’ve used Bitcoin since 2016, and it’s useful, but it’s not the only solution.

Offshore bank accounts are another strong option. That means holding a bank account in a country where you’re not a resident. Debanking — where financial institutions terminate services —  happens more often than people think, even in one’s own country.

Every adult, company, or trust should have bank accounts in three countries, each with a different currency and legal system. If a home-country bank freezes or closes your account, you have alternatives.

Properly structured offshore accounts make it much harder for lawsuits or government actions to reach your money. Asset forfeiture and account freezes happen, and they’ll continue to happen, so planning is essential.

Bandholz: Where do people typically open offshore bank accounts?

Thorup: Offshore banking usually means choosing a country with low or zero taxes, strong asset-protection laws, and political stability. There’s no point banking in a place where you can’t reliably move money in or out. The most common offshore jurisdictions are in the Caribbean, the British Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man. In Europe, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Switzerland serve that role. Hong Kong, Macau, and Singapore are popular in Asia.

Central America also has several strong options, such as Panama, where I live. It has no tax on foreign-sourced income, a stable banking sector, a U.S. dollar economy, and access to both the Caribbean and the Pacific.

Bandholz: Where should people start if they want to explore international options?

Thorup: I recommend three key fronts.

First, get a second citizenship or permanent residency. If you have European ancestry, you might qualify for citizenship by descent. If not, consider citizenship by investment or naturalization through long-term residency. If citizenship isn’t an option, permanent residency is fast, affordable, and effective in Paraguay, Costa Rica, or Panama.

Second, secure a second home. Even a small property provides a place to live if needed. Ideally, it can generate rental income. In Latin America, condos start around $65,000 and beachfront homes around $100,000, paid in cash, with clear property titles. These are long-lasting, tangible assets that protect wealth outside stocks or business accounts.

Third, hold capital offshore, whether in a bank, precious metals, or other assets. This ensures access to your money if domestic accounts are frozen or restricted due to politics or other issues.

Bandholz: Where can people follow you, connect with you?

Thorup: ExpatMoney.com. Follow my YouTube channel and connect on X or LinkedIn.

Google Updates Search Live With Gemini Model Upgrade via @sejournal, @martinibuster

Google has updated Search Live with Gemini 2.5 Flash Native Audio, upgrading how voice functions inside Search while also extending the model’s use across translation and live voice agents. The update introduces more natural spoken responses in Search Live and reflects Google’s effort to improve natural voice queries, treating voice as a core interface as a way for users to get everything they can get from regular search plus enabling them to ask questions about the physical world around them and receive immediate voice translations between two people speaking different languages.

The new updated voice capabilities, rolling out this week in the  United States, will enable Google’s voice responses to sound more natural and can even be slowed down for instructional content.

According to Google:

“When you go Live with Search, you can have a back-and-forth voice conversation in AI Mode to get real-time help and quickly find relevant sites across the web. And now, thanks to our latest Gemini model for native audio, the responses on Search Live will be more fluid and expressive than ever before.”

Broader Gemini Native Audio Rollout

This Search upgrade is part of a broader update to Gemini 2.5 Flash Native Audio rolling out across Google’s ecosystem, including Gemini Live (in the Gemini App), Google AI Studio, and Vertex AI. The model processes spoken audio in real time and produces fluid spoken responses, reducing barriers to natural conversation, reducing friction in live interactions. Although Google’s announcement didn’t say that the model was a speech-to-speech model (as opposed to speech-to-text then text-to-speech), this update follows Google’s October announcement of “Speech-to-Retrieval (S2R). It’s a neural network-based machine-learning model trained on large datasets of paired audio queries.”

These changes show Google treating native audio as a core capability across consumer-facing products, making it easier for users to ask and receive information about the physical world around them in a natural manner that wasn’t previously possible.

Improvements For Voice-Based Systems

For developers and enterprises building voice-based systems, Google says the updated model improves reliability in several areas. Gemini 2.5 Flash Native Audio more consistently triggers external functions during conversations, follows complex instructions, and maintains context across multiple turns. These improvements make live voice agents more dependable in real-world workflows, where misinterpreted instructions or broken conversational flow reduce usability.

Smooth Conversational Translation

Beyond Search and voice agents, the update introduces native support for “live speech-to-speech translation.” Gemini translates spoken language in real time, either by continuously translating ambient speech into a target language or by handling conversations between speakers of different languages in both directions. The system preserves vocal characteristics such as speech rhythm and emphasis, supporting translation that sounds smoother and conversational.

Google highlights several capabilities supporting this translation feature, including broad language coverage, automatic language detection, multilingual input handling, and noise filtering for everyday environments. These features reduce setup friction and allow translation to occur passively during conversation rather than through manual controls. The result is a translation experience that behaves much like an actual person in the middle translating between two people.

Voice Search Realizing Google’s Aspirations

The update reflects Google’s continued iteration of voice search toward an ideal that was originally inspired by the science fiction voice interactions between humans and computers in the popular Star Trek television and movie series.

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